Part 9 — Housing and Small Buildings

(1) The scope of this Part shall be as described in Subsection 1.1.2. of Division A.

(1) Signs shall conform to the requirements in Section 3.15.

(1) Self-service storage buildings shall conform to the requirements in Section 3.10.

(1) Tents shall conform to the requirements in Subsection 3.14.1.

(2) Air-supported structures shall conform to the requirements in Subsection 3.14.2.

(1) Where a building is constructed in close proximity to existing above ground electrical conductors, the requirements of Subsection 3.1.19. shall apply.

(1) The requirements of Subsection 3.7.6. apply to all food premises.

(1) In addition to all other requirements, a building in the following designated areas shall be designed and constructed so that the annual average concentration of radon 222 does not exceed 200 Bq/m3 of air and the annual average concentration of the short lived daughters of radon 222 does not exceed 0.02 working levels inside the building for,

(a) the City of Elliot Lake in the Territorial District of Algoma,

(b) the Township of Faraday in the County of Hastings, and

(c) the geographic Township of Hyman in the Territorial District of Sudbury.

(1) Buildings constructed on flood plains shall,

(a) be designed and constructed in accordance with good engineering practice to withstand anticipated vertical and horizontal hydrostatic pressures acting on the structure, and

(b) incorporate floodproofing measures that will preserve the integrity of exits and means of egress during times of flooding.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), a manufactured building or manufactured part of a building is deemed to comply with this Code if it is designed and constructed in compliance with,

(a) CSA Z240.2.1, "Structural Requirements for Manufactured Homes", if the building is constructed in sections not wider than 4.88 m, or

(b) CSA A277, "Procedure for Certification of Prefabricated Buildings, Modules, and Panels".

(2) The requirements of this Code shall apply to,

(a) building components designed and constructed outside the place of manufacture, and

(b) site installation of such buildings.

(1) Public pools shall conform to the requirements of Section 3.11. and public spas shall conform to the requirements of Section 3.12.

(1) Shelf and rack storage systems shall conform to the requirements of Section 3.16.

(1) A house is permitted above another house provided there is not more than one dwelling unit in each house.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Articles 9.3.1.6. and 9.3.1.7., unreinforced and nominally reinforced concrete shall be designed, mixed, placed, cured and tested in accordance with the requirements for "R" class concrete stated in Section 9 of CSA A23.1, "Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction".

(2) Unreinforced and nominally reinforced site-batched concrete shall be designed, mixed, placed and cured in accordance with Articles 9.3.1.2. to 9.3.1.9.

(3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), Subsection 9.15.4. and Section 9.39., reinforced concrete shall be designed to conform to the requirements of Part 4.

(4) For flat insulating concrete form walls described in Clause 9.15.1.1.(1)(c) or 9.20.1.1.(1)(b), the concrete and reinforcing shall comply with Part 4 or,

(a) the concrete shall conform to CSA A23.1, "Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction", with a maximum aggregate size of 19 mm, and

(b) the reinforcing shall,

(i) conform to CSA G30.18, "Carbon Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement",

(ii) have a minimum specified yield strength of 400 MPa, and

(iii) be lapped a minimum of 450 mm for 10M bars and 650 mm for 15M bars.

(1) Cement shall meet the requirements of CSA A3001, "Cementitious Materials for Use in Concrete".

(1) Concrete in contact with sulfate soil, which is deleterious to normal cement, shall conform to the requirements in Clause 4.1.1.6. of CSA A23.1, "Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction".

(1) Aggregates shall,

(a) consist of sand, gravel, crushed rock, crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag, expanded shale or expanded clay conforming to CSA A23.1, "Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction", and

(b) be clean, well-graded and free of injurious amounts of organic and other deleterious material.

(1) Water shall be clean and free of injurious amounts of oil, organic matter, sediment or any other deleterious material.

(1) Except as provided elsewhere in this Part, the compressive strength of unreinforced concrete after 28 days shall be not less than,

(a) 32 MPa for garage floors, carport floors and all exterior flatwork,

(b) 20 MPa for interior floors other than those for garages and carports, and

(c) 15 MPa for all other applications.

(2) Site-batched concrete used for garage floors, carport floors and exterior flatwork shall have air entrainment of 5 to 8%.

(1) For pre-mixed concrete and for the site-batched concrete mixes described in Table 9.3.1.7., the maximum ratio of water to cementing materials measured by weight shall not exceed,

(a) 0.45 for garage floors, carport floors and all exterior flatwork,

(b) 0.65 for interior floors other than those for garages and carports, and

(c) 0.70 for all other applications.

(2) The size of aggregate in unreinforced site-batched concrete mixes referred to in Sentence (1) shall not exceed,

(a) 1/5 the distance between the sides of vertical forms, or

(b) 1/3 the thickness of flatwork.

Table 9.3.1.7. Site-Batched Concrete Mixes

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.3.1.7.(1)**

(1) A 40 kg bag of cement contains 28 L.

(1) Admixtures shall conform to ASTM C260 / C260M, "Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete", or ASTM C494 / C494M, "Chemical Admixtures for Concrete", as applicable.

(1) When the air temperature is below 5°C , concrete shall be,

(a) kept at a temperature of not less than 10°C or more than 25°C while being mixed and placed, and

(b) maintained at a temperature of not less than 10°C for 72 h after placing.

(2) No frozen material or ice shall be used in concrete described in Sentence (1).

(1) Lumber for joists, rafters, trusses and beams and for the uses listed in Table 9.3.2.1. shall be identified by a grade stamp to indicate its grade as determined by the NLGA, "Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber".

Table 9.3.2.1. Minimum Lumber Grades for Specific End Uses

**Forming Part of Sentences 9.3.2.1.(1) and 9.3.2.2.(1)**

(1) Except for joists, rafters, trusses and beams, visually graded lumber shall conform to the grades in Table 9.3.2.1.

(1) Machine stress rated lumber shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 4.3.1.

(1) OSB, waferboard and plywood used for roof sheathing, wall sheathing and subflooring shall be legibly identified on the face of the material indicating,

(a) the manufacturer of the material,

(b) the standard to which it is produced, and

(c) that the material is of an exterior type.

(1) Moisture content of lumber shall be not more than 19% at the time of installation.

(1) Lumber dimensions referred to in this Part are actual dimensions determined in conformance with CSA O141, "Softwood Lumber".

(1) The thickness specified in this Part for plywood, hardboard, particleboard, OSB and waferboard shall be subject to the tolerances permitted in the standards referenced for these products unless specifically indicated in this Part.

(1) Joist, rafter, lintel and beam members up to 5% less than the actual Canadian standard sizes are permitted to be used provided the allowable spans for the grade and species of lumber under consideration are reduced 5% from those shown in the span tables for full size members.

(1) In localities where termites are known to occur,

(a) clearance between structural wood elements and the finished ground level directly below them shall be not less than 450 mm and, except as provided in Sentence (2), all sides of the supporting elements shall be visible to permit inspection, or

(b) structural wood elements, supported by elements in contact with the ground or exposed over bare soil, shall be pressure-treated with a chemical that is toxic to termites.

(2) In localities where termites are known to occur and foundations are insulated or otherwise finished in a manner that could conceal a termite infestation,

(a) a metal or plastic barrier shall be installed through the insulation and any other separation or finish materials above finished ground level to control the passage of termites behind or through the insulation, separation or finish materials, and

(b) all sides of the finished supporting assembly shall be visible to permit inspection.

(3) Structural wood elements shall be pressure-treated with a preservative to resist decay, where the vertical clearance between structural wood elements and the finished ground level is less than 150 mm.

(4) In localities where termites are known to occur and where windows or other openings at or below grade contain wood elements, the bottom of window wells or adjacent ground shall be at least 150 mm below the nearest wood unless the wood is pressure-treated with a chemical toxic to termites.

(5) Structural wood elements used in retaining walls and cribbing shall be pressure-treated with a preservative to resist decay, where,

(a) the retaining wall or cribbing supports ground that is critical to the stability of building foundations, or

(b) the retaining wall or cribbing is greater than 1.2 m in height.

(6) Where wood is required by this Article to be treated to resist termites or decay, such treatment shall be in accordance with Table 2, "Use Categories for Specific Products, Uses, and Exposures", of CAN/CSA-O80.1, "Specification of Treated Wood", as follows:

(a) Use Category 1, where the wood member is used in,

(i) interior construction,

(ii) above-ground applications, and

(iii) applications where the wood member remains dry,

(b) Use Category 2, where the wood member is used in,

(i) interior construction,

(ii) above-ground applications, and

(iii) applications where the wood member may be subjected to occasional sources of moisture,

(c) Use Category 3.2, where the wood member is used in,

(i) exterior construction,

(ii) above-ground applications, and

(iii) applications where the wood member is uncoated or is used in a configuration conducive to moisture accumulation,

(d) Use Category 4.1, where,

(i) the wood member is used in contact with the ground,

(ii) the wood member is used in contact with fresh water, or

(iii) the vertical clearance between the wood element and the finished ground level is less than 150 mm and the wood elements are not separated from permeable supporting materials by a moisture barrier, or

(e) Use Category 4.2, where the wood member is used in critical structural components, including permanent wood foundations.

(7) Where wood is protected in accordance with Use Category 1 or Use Category 2 using an inorganic boron preservative, the wood shall be,

(a) protected from direct exposure to water during and after the completion of construction, and

(b) separated from permeable supporting materials by a moisture barrier that is resistant to all expected mechanisms of deterioration in the service environment if the vertical clearance to the ground is less than 150 mm.

(8) Wood that is required by this Article to be treated to resist termites or decay shall be identified by a mark to indicate the type of preservative used and conformance to the relevant required Use Category.

(1) Minimum thicknesses for sheet metal material required in this Part refer to the actual minimum base metal thicknesses measured at any point of the material, and in the case of galvanized steel described in Sentence 9.3.3.2.(1), include the thickness of the galvanizing coating unless otherwise indicated.

(1) Where sheet steel is required to be galvanized, it shall be metallic-coated with zinc or an alloy of 55% aluminium-zinc meeting the requirements of,

(a) ASTM A653 / A653M, "Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process", or

(b) ASTM A792 / A792M, "Sheet Steel, 55% Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process".

(2) Where galvanized sheet steel is intended for use in locations exposed to the weather or as a flashing material, it shall have a zinc coating not less than the G90 (Z275) coating designation or an aluminum-zinc alloy coating not less than the AZM150 coating designation, as referred to in Sentence (1).

(1) Subject to the application limitations defined elsewhere in this Part, structural members and their connections shall,

(a) conform to requirements provided elsewhere in this Part,

(b) be designed according to good engineering practice such as provided in the CWC, "Engineering Guide for Wood Frame Construction", or

(c) be designed according to Part 4 using the loads and deflection and vibration limits specified in,

(i) this Part, or

(ii) Part 4.

(2) Where floor framing is designed in accordance with Clause (1)(b) or (c) and where supporting wall framing and fastenings, or footings, are designed according to Clause (1)(a), the specified live load on the floor according to Table 4.1.5.3. shall not exceed 2.4 kPa.

(3) Location-specific information for structural design, including snow and wind loads and seismic spectral response accelerations, shall be determined according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(1) This Subsection applies to light-frame construction whose wall, floor and roof planes are generally comprised of frames of small repetitive structural members, and where,

(a) the roof and wall planes are clad, sheathed or braced on at least one side,

(b) the small repetitive structural members are spaced not more than 610 mm o.c.,

(c) the clear span of any structural member does not exceed 12.20 m,

(d) the maximum deflection of the structural roof members conforms to Article 9.4.3.1.,

(e) the maximum total roof area, notwithstanding any separation of adjoining buildings by firewalls, is 4 550 m2, and

(f) for flat roofs, there are no significant obstructions on the roof, such as parapet walls, spaced closer than the distance calculated by,

where,

Do = minimum distance between obstructions, m,

Ho = height of the obstruction above the roof, m,

Ss = ground snow load, kPa, and

= unit weight of snow, kN/m3.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), specified snow loads shall be not less than those calculated using the following formula:

S = Cb ∙ Ss + Sr

where,

S = specified snow load,

Cb = basic snow load roof factor, which is 0.45 where the entire width of a roof does not exceed 4.3 m and 0.55 for all other roofs,

Ss = 1-in-50 year ground snow load in kPa, determined according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data", and

Sr = associated 1-in-50 year rain load in kPa, determined according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(2) In no case shall the specified snow load be less than 1 kPa.

(3) Bow string, arch or semi-circular roof trusses having an unsupported span greater than 6 m shall be designed in conformance with the snow load requirements in Subsection 4.1.6.

(1) Balconies, decks and other accessible exterior platforms intended for an occupancy and subject to snow loads shall be designed to carry the specified roof snow load or 1.9 kPa, whichever is greater, where the platform, or each segregated area of the platform, serves a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Ceiling joists or truss bottom chords in residential attic or roof spaces having limited accessibility that precludes the storage of equipment or material shall be designed for a total specified load of not less than 0.35 kPa, where the total specified load is the sum of the specified dead load plus the specified live load of the ceiling.

(1) The maximum deflection of structural members shall conform to Table 9.4.3.1.

(2) Dead loads need not be considered in computing deflections referred to in Sentence (1).

Table 9.4.3.1. Maximum Deflections

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.4.3.1.(1)**

(1) Footing sizes for shallow foundations shall be,

(a) determined in accordance with Section 9.15., or

(b) designed in accordance with Section 4.2. using,

(i) the maximum allowable bearing pressures in Table 9.4.4.1., or

(ii) allowable bearing pressures determined from subsurface investigation.

Table 9.4.4.1. Allowable Bearing Pressure for Soil or Rock

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.4.4.1.(1)**

(2) The design procedures described in Section 4.2. are permitted to be used in lieu of the design procedures in this Subsection.

(3) The design procedures described in Section 4.2. shall be used where,

(a) deep foundations are used,

(b) the footing size falls outside the scope of this Section, or

(c) the foundation is constructed on peat, filled ground or on sensitive clays as described in Article 9.15.1.1.

(1) Where a soil or rock within a distance equal to twice the footing width below the bearing surface has a lower allowable bearing pressure than that at the bearing surface as shown in Article 9.4.4.1., the design capacity of the foundation shall not be greater than would cause the weakest soil or rock to be stressed beyond its allowable bearing pressure.

(2) In calculating subsurface pressures referred to in Sentence (1), the loads from the footings shall be assumed to be distributed uniformly over a horizontal plane within a frustum extending downward from the footing at an angle of 60° to the horizontal.

(1) Where a foundation bears on gravel, sand or silt, and the water table is within a distance below the bearing surface equal to the width of the foundation, the allowable bearing pressure shall be 50% of that determined in Article 9.4.4.1.

(1) Where a foundation is located in an area where soil movement caused by changes in soil moisture content, freezing, or chemical-microbiological oxidation is known to occur to the extent that it will damage a building, measures shall be taken to preclude such movement or to reduce the effects on the building so that the building's stability and the performance of assemblies will not be adversely affected.

(1) Except where constructed in accordance with Section 9.15., walls supporting drained earth shall be designed,

(a) for a pressure equivalent to that exerted by a fluid with a density of not less than 480 kg/m3 and a depth equal to that of the retained earth, or

(b) in accordance with Section 4.2. so as to be able to resist the loads and effects described in Article 4.1.2.1.

(2) Walls supporting other than drained earth shall be designed,

(a) for the pressure described in Clause (1)(a) plus the fluid pressure of the surcharge, or

(b) in accordance with Section 4.2. so as to be able to resist the loads and effects described in Article 4.1.2.1.

(1) Except as otherwise specified in this Part, this Section applies only to dwelling units that are intended for use on a continuing or year-round basis as the principal residence of the occupant.

(1) Except as otherwise specified in this Part, the areas, dimensions and heights of rooms or spaces shall be measured between finished wall surfaces and between finished floor and ceiling surfaces.

(1) Minimum floor areas specified in this Section do not include closets or built-in bedroom cabinets unless otherwise indicated.

(1) Two or more areas may be considered as a combination room if the opening between the areas occupies the larger of 3 m2 or 40% or more of the wall measured on the side of the dependent area.

(2) Where the dependent area is a bedroom, direct passage shall be provided between the two areas.

(3) The opening required in Sentence (1) shall not contain doors or windows.

(1) Areas of rooms and spaces are permitted to be less than required in this Section provided it can be shown that the rooms and spaces are adequate for their intended use, such as by the provision of built-in furniture to compensate for reduced sizes.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Article 3.8.1.1., every building shall be designed in conformance with Section 3.8.

(2) The requirements of Section 3.8. need not be provided for houses, triplexes and boarding or rooming houses with fewer than eight boarders or roomers.

(1) Where a barrier-free path of travel required in Article 9.5.2.1. is provided to any storey above the first storey, the requirements in Article 3.3.1.7. shall apply.

(1) If wood wall studs or sheet steel wall studs enclose the main bathroom in a dwelling unit, reinforcement shall be installed to permit the future installation of the following:

(a) for a water closet, a grab bar described in Clauses 3.8.3.8.(3)(a) and a grab bar described in Clause 3.8.3.8.(3)(c),

(b) for a shower, a grab bar described in Clause 3.8.3.13.(2)(g), and

(c) for a bathtub, a grab bar described in Clause 3.8.3.13.(4)(e).

(1) The ceiling heights of rooms or spaces in residential occupancies and live/work units shall conform to Table 9.5.3.1.

(2) Areas in rooms or spaces over which ceiling height is not less than the minimum specified in Table 9.5.3.1. shall be contiguous with the entry or entries to those rooms or spaces.

Table 9.5.3.1. Room Ceiling Heights

**Forming Part of Sentences 9.5.3.1.(1) and (2)**

(1) Area of the space shall be measured at floor level.

(1) The ceiling height above and below a mezzanine floor assembly in all occupancies shall be not less than 2 100 mm.

(1) The clear height in a storage garage shall be not less than 2 000 mm.

(1) Living areas within dwelling units, either as separate rooms or in combination with other spaces, shall have an area not less than 13.5 m².

(2) Where the area of a living space is combined with a kitchen and dining area, the living area alone in a dwelling unit that contains sleeping accommodation for not more than two persons shall be not less than 11 m².

(1) A dining space in combination with other space shall have an area of not less than 3.25 m².

(2) Dining rooms not combined with other space shall have a minimum area of 7 m².

(1) Kitchen areas within dwelling units either separate from or in combination with other spaces, shall have an area of not less than 4.2 m² including the area occupied by the base cabinets, except that in dwelling units containing sleeping accommodation for not more than two persons, the minimum area shall be 3.7 m².

(1) Except as provided in Articles 9.5.7.2. and 9.5.7.3., bedrooms in dwelling units shall have an area not less than 7 m² where built-in cabinets are not provided and not less than 6 m² where built-in cabinets are provided.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.5.7.3., at least one bedroom in every dwelling unit shall have an area of not less than 9.8 m² where built-in cabinets are not provided and not less than 8.8 m² where built-in cabinets are provided.

(1) Bedroom spaces in combination with other spaces in dwelling units shall have an area not less than 4.2 m².

(1) Sleeping rooms other than in dwelling units shall have an area not less than 7 m² per person for single occupancy and 4.6 m² per person for multiple occupancy.

(1) Recreational camps shall have an area in the sleeping quarters of at least 3.72 m² per camper or, if double or triple tier bunk units are used, 2.79 m² per camper.

(1) A camp for housing of workers shall have a minimum area of 3.72 m² per employee in every room used for sleeping purposes.

(1) Despite Subsections 9.5.4. to 9.5.7., where living, dining, bedroom and kitchen spaces are combined in a dwelling unit that contains sleeping accommodation for not more than two persons, the area of the combined spaces shall be not less than 13.5 m2.

(1) In every dwelling unit an enclosed space of sufficient size shall be provided to accommodate a water closet, lavatory and bathtub or shower stall.

(1) A door shall be provided to each room containing a water closet within a dwelling unit.

(1) The unobstructed width of a hallway within a dwelling unit shall be not less than 860 mm, except that the hallway width is permitted to be 710 mm, where,

(a) there are only bedrooms and bathrooms at the end of the hallway furthest from the living area, and

(b) a second exit is provided,

(i) in the hallway near the end furthest from the living area, or

(ii) in each bedroom served by the hallway.

(1) Except as provided in Articles 9.5.11.3., 9.9.6.2. and 9.9.6.3., doorway openings within dwelling units shall be designed to accommodate at least the door sizes in Table 9.5.11.1. for swing-type doors or folding doors.

Table 9.5.11.1. Minimum Door Sizes

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.5.11.1.(1)**

(1) See Article 9.5.11.3.

(1) Doors to public water closet rooms shall be not less than 810 mm wide and 2 030 mm high.

(1) Where a barrier-free path of travel conforming to Section 3.8. is provided into a suite of residential occupancy and where a bathroom within the suite is at the level of the suite entrance door, the doorway to such bathroom and to each bedroom at the same level as such bathroom shall have, when the door is in the open position, a clear width of not less than,

(a) 760 mm where the door is served by a corridor or space not less than 1 060 mm wide, and

(b) 810 mm where the door is served by a corridor or space less than 1 060 mm wide.

(1) This Section applies to,

(a) glass in,

(i) interior windows and interior doors and their sidelights,

(ii) clothes closets,

(iii) site-built exterior windows, doors and skylights,

(iv) shower or bathtub enclosures,

(v) glazed panels and partitions, and

(b) the protection of glass.

(1) Glass shall conform to,

(a) CAN/CGSB-12.1-M, "Tempered or Laminated Safety Glass,"

(b) CAN/CGSB-12.2-M, "Flat, Clear Sheet Glass",

(c) CAN/CGSB-12.3-M, "Flat, Clear Float Glass",

(d) CAN/CGSB-12.4-M, "Heat Absorbing Glass,"

(e) CAN/CGSB-12.8, "Insulating Glass Units",

(f) CAN/CGSB-12.10-M, "Glass, Light and Heat Reflecting",

(g) CAN/CGSB-12.11-M, "Wired Safety Glass", or

(h) ASTM E2190, "Insulating Glass Unit Performance and Evaluation".

(2) Mirrored glass doors are permitted to be used only at the entrance to clothes closets and shall conform to the requirements of CAN/CGSB-82.6-M, "Doors, Mirrored Glass, Sliding or Folding, Wardrobe".

(3) Mirrored glass doors reinforced with a film backing shall meet the impact resistance requirements specified in CAN/CGSB-12.5-M, "Mirrors, Silvered".

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), glass shall be designed in conformance with Article 4.3.6.1.

(2) Where the building has an essentially uniform distribution of paths for air leakage, including operable openings, but no large openings that would permit wind gusts to rapidly enter the building and the building is not in an exceptionally exposed location such as a hilltop, the maximum area of individual panes of glass for windows is permitted to conform to,

(a) Tables 9.6.1.3.A. to 9.6.1.3.C., where the building has a height from grade to the uppermost roof of 12 m or less and is located in a built-up area, no less than 120 m away from the boundary between this area and open terrain, or

(b) Tables 9.6.1.3.D. to 9.6.1.3.F.

(3) The maximum area of individual panes of glass for doors shall conform to Table 9.6.1.3.G.

Table 9.6.1.3.A. Maximum Glass Area for Areas for which the 1-in-50 Hourly Wind Pressure (HWP) is less than 0.55 kPa(1)

**Forming Part of Clause 9.6.1.3.(2)(a)**

(1) The maximum hourly wind pressure with one chance in fifty of being exceeded in any one year, as provided in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(2) Maximum glass area values apply to IG units of two identical lites (annealed, heat-strengthened or tempered) spaced at 12.7 mm.

Table 9.6.1.3.B. Maximum Glass Area for Areas for which the 1-in-50 Hourly Wind Pressure (HWP) is less than 0.75 kPa(1)

**Forming Part of Clause 9.6.1.3.(2)(a)**

(1) The maximum hourly wind pressure with one chance in fifty of being exceeded in any one year, as provided in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(2) Maximum glass area values apply to IG units of two identical lites (annealed, heat-strengthened or tempered) spaced at 12.7 mm.

Table 9.6.1.3.C. Maximum Glass Area for Areas for which the 1-in-50 Hourly Wind Pressure (HWP) is less than 1.00 kPa(1)

**Forming Part of Clause 9.6.1.3.(2)(a)**

(1) The maximum hourly wind pressure with one chance in fifty of being exceeded in any one year, as provided in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(2) Maximum glass area values apply to IG units of two identical lites (annealed, heat-strengthened or tempered) spaced at 12.7 mm.

Table 9.6.1.3.D. Maximum Glass Area for Areas for which the 1-in-50 Hourly Wind Pressure (HWP) is less than 0.55 kPa - Open Terrain(1)

**Forming Part of Clause 9.6.1.3.(2)(b)**

(1) The maximum hourly wind pressure with one chance in fifty of being exceeded in any one year, as provided in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(2) Maximum glass area values apply to IG units of two identical lites (annealed, heat-strengthened or tempered) spaced at 12.7 mm.

Table 9.6.1.3.E. Maximum Glass Area for Areas for which the 1-in-50 Hourly Wind Pressure (HWP) is less than 0.75 kPa - Open Terrain(1)

**Forming Part of Clause 9.6.1.3.(2)(b)**

(1) The maximum hourly wind pressure with one chance in fifty of being exceeded in any one year, as provided in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(2) Maximum glass area values apply to IG units of two identical lites (annealed, heat-strengthened or tempered) spaced at 12.7 mm.

Table 9.6.1.3.F. Maximum Glass Area for Areas for which the 1-in-50 Hourly Wind Pressure (HWP) is less than 1.00 kPa - Open Terrain(1)

**Forming Part of Clause 9.6.1.3.(2)(b)**

(1) The maximum hourly wind pressure with one chance in fifty of being exceeded in any one year, as provided in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data".

(2) Maximum glass area values apply to IG units of two identical lites (annealed, heat-strengthened or tempered) spaced at 12.7 mm.

Table 9.6.1.3.G. Maximum Glass Area for Doors

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.6.1.3.(3)**

(1) Not generally available.

(1) Glass sidelights greater than 500 mm wide that could be mistaken for doors, glass in storm doors and glass in sliding doors within or at every entrance to a house or an individual dwelling unit and in public areas shall be,

(a) safety glass of the tempered or laminated type conforming to CAN/CGSB-12.1-M, "Tempered or Laminated Safety Glass", or

(b) wired glass conforming to CAN/CGSB-12.11-M, "Wired Safety Glass".

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (4), glass in entrance doors to houses or individual dwelling units and in public areas, other than the entrance doors described in Sentence (1), shall be safety glass or wired glass of the type described in Sentence (1) where the glass area exceeds 0.5 m2 and extends to less than 900 mm from the bottom of the door.

(3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), transparent panels that could be mistaken as a means of egress shall be protected by barriers or railings.

(4) Sliding glass partitions that separate a public corridor from an adjacent occupancy and that are open during normal working hours need not conform to Sentences (2), (3) and (5), except that such partitions shall be suitably marked to indicate their existence and position.

(5) Except as provided in Sentence (4), every glass or transparent door accessible to the public shall be equipped with hardware, bars or other permanent fixtures designed so that the existence and position of such doors is readily apparent.

(6) Glass, other than safety glass, shall not be used for a shower or bathtub enclosure.

(1) This Section applies to,

(a) windows, doors and skylights separating conditioned space from unconditioned space or the exterior, and

(b) main entrance doors.

(2) For the purpose of this Section, the term "skylight" refers to unit skylights, roof windows and tubular daylighting devices.

(3) For the purpose of this Section, the term "doors" includes glazing in doors and sidelights for doors.

(1) A door shall be provided at each entrance to a dwelling unit.

(2) Main entrance doors to dwelling units shall be provided with,

(a) a door viewer or transparent glazing in the door, or

(b) a sidelight.

(1) Minimum sizes of doorways and doors within a barrier-free path of travel shall conform to Section 9.5.

(2) The protection of window and door openings against persons falling through the window or door opening shall conform to Article 9.8.8.1.

(3) Properties of windows and doors within exits shall conform to Section 9.9.

(4) Windows and doors installed to provide the required means of egress from bedrooms shall conform to Subsection 9.9.10.

(5) The location and protection of windows, doors and skylights in order to control the spread of fire shall conform to Subsection 9.10.12.

(6) Doors between dwelling units and attached garages shall conform to Article 9.10.13.15.

(7) The surface flame-spread rating for doors and skylights shall conform to Article 9.10.17.1.

(8) Windows and doors installed to provide the required access to a building for firefighting purposes shall conform to Subsection 9.10.20.

(9) Windows and skylights installed to provide required non-heating season ventilation shall conform to Article 9.32.2.1.

(1) Except as required in Article 9.9.10.1. and Sentence (3), the minimum window glass area for rooms in buildings of residential occupancy or rooms that are used for sleeping shall conform to Table 9.7.2.3.

Table 9.7.2.3. Glass Areas for Rooms of Residential Occupancy

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.7.2.3.(1)**

(1) See Subsection 9.9.10.

(2) The unobstructed glass area of a door or skylight is considered equivalent to that of a window.

(3) Work areas in live/work units shall conform to Clause 3.7.2.1.(2)(a).

(4) Where rooms with different requirements for window glass area are combined as described in Sentence 9.5.1.4.(1), the more restrictive requirement shall govern.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) to (4), windows, doors and skylights and their components separating conditioned space from unconditioned space or the exterior shall be designed, constructed and installed so that, when in the closed position, they,

(a) resist the ingress of precipitation into interior space,

(b) resist wind loads,

(c) control air leakage,

(d) resist the ingress of insects and vermin,

(e) where required, resist forced entry, and

(f) are easily operable, unless they are fixed units.

(2) Skylights and their components shall be designed, constructed and installed so that, when in the closed position, they resist snow loads.

(3) Main entrance doors and their components shall be designed, constructed and installed so that, when in the closed position, they,

(a) control air leakage,

(b) resist the ingress of insects and vermin,

(c) resist forced entry, and

(d) are easily operable.

(4) Storm doors, sliding doors and their components shall be designed, constructed and installed so that, when in the closed position, they,

(a) resist wind loads,

(b) control air leakage to a minimum allowable 5 m3h/m and a maximum allowable 8.35 m3h/m,

(c) resist the ingress of insects and vermin, and

(d) are easily operable.

(5) Compliance with the performance requirements described in Sentences (1) to (4) shall be demonstrated by,

(a) compliance with the requirements in,

(i) Subsection 9.7.4. or 9.7.5., and

(ii) Subsection 9.7.6., or

(b) design and construction conforming to Part 5.

(1) Windows, doors and skylights described in Clause 9.7.1.1.(1)(a) and their components shall be designed, constructed and installed to,

(a) minimize surface condensation on the warm side of the component, and

(b) ensure comfortable conditions for the occupants.

(2) Compliance with the heat transfer performance requirements described in Sentence (1) shall be demonstrated by,

(a) compliance with the requirements in Article 9.7.3.3., or

(b) design and construction conforming to Part 5.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), metal frames and sash of windows, doors and skylights shall incorporate a thermal break.

(2) Windows and doors described in Sentence (1) do not require a thermal break where they are installed as,

(a) vehicular access doors,

(b) storm windows and doors, or

(c) windows and doors that are required to have a fire-resistance rating.

(3) Windows, doors and skylights, with or without storm doors or sash, that are installed in buildings where the intended use of the interior space will not result in high moisture generation shall have a maximum thermal transmittance (U-value) or minimum temperature index (I) in accordance with Table 9.7.3.3.

(4) Windows, doors and skylights, with or without storm doors or sash, that are installed in portions of buildings where the intended use of the interior space will result in high moisture generation shall be designed in conformance with Subsection 5.3.

Table 9.7.3.3. Maximum U-value or Minimum Temperature Index (I) for Windows, Doors and Skylights (1) (2) (3)

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.7.3.3.(3)**

(1) U-values for specific products can be determined according to measures referenced in AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, "NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights". Temperature index (I) is determined according to the physical test procedure given in CSA A440.2 / A440.3, "Fenestration Energy Performance / User Guide to CSA A440.2-14, Fenestration Energy Performance".

(2) There is no appropriate test procedure available for testing the condensation resistance of sloped glazing.

(3) Where the U-value in this Table differs from the U-value provided in MMA Supplementary Standard SB-10, "Energy Efficiency Requirements" or MMA Supplementary Standard SB-12, "Energy Efficiency for Housing", the most restrictive U-value shall apply.

(1) This Subsection applies to windows, doors and skylights that are within the scope of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, "NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights".

(1) Manufactured and pre-assembled windows, doors and skylights and their installation shall conform to,

(a) AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, "NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights",

(b) CSA A440S1, "Canadian Supplement to AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11, NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights",

(c) this Subsection, and

(d) the applicable requirements in Subsection 9.7.6.

(1) Performance grades for windows, doors and skylights shall be selected according to CSA A440S1, "Canadian Supplement to AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11, NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights" so as to be appropriate for the conditions and geographic location in which the window, door or skylight will be installed.

(2) Windows, doors and skylights shall conform to the performance grades selected under Sentence (1) when tested in accordance with AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, "NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights".

(3) The minimum level of performance required for windows, doors and skylights shall be that of the Performance Class R.

(4) Exterior wood doors shall conform to CAN/CSA-O132.2 Series, "Wood Flush Doors" and shall have legibly indicated on them,

(a) the name of the manufacturer,

(b) the standard to which they were produced, and

(c) that they are of an exterior type.

(1) Materials, design, construction and installation of windows, doors and skylights that separate conditioned space from unconditioned space or the exterior but that are not within the scope of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, "NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights" shall,

(a) conform to,

(i) this Subsection or Subsection 9.7.4., and

(ii) the applicable requirements in Subsection 9.7.6., or

(b) conform to Part 5.

(2) Glass for site-built windows, doors, sidelights for doors, and skylights shall comply with Section 9.6.

(1) Except for exterior doors to garages and to other ancillary spaces, this Article applies to,

(a) swinging entrance doors to dwelling units,

(b) swinging doors between dwelling units and attached garages or other ancillary spaces, and

(c) swinging doors that provide access directly or indirectly from a storage garage to a dwelling unit.

(2) Doors, frames and hardware that conform to a security level of at least Grade 10 as described in the Annex to ASTM F476, "Security of Swinging Door Assemblies", are not required to conform to Sentences (3) to (7).

(3) Except as provided in Sentence (2), wood doors described in Sentence (1) shall,

(a) be solid core or stile-and-rail type,

(b) be not less than 45 mm thick, and

(c) if of the stile-and-rail panel type, have a panel thickness of not less than 19 mm, with a total panel area not more than half of the door area.

(4) Except as provided in Sentence (2), doors described in Sentence (1) shall be provided with,

(a) a deadbolt lock with a cylinder having no fewer than five pins, and

(b) a bolt throw not less than 25 mm long, protected with a solid or hardened free-turning ring or bevelled cylinder housing.

(5) Except as provided in Sentence (2), an inactive leaf in double doors used in locations specified in Sentence (1) shall be provided with heavy-duty bolts top and bottom having an engagement of not less than 15 mm.

(6) Except as provided in Sentence (2), hinges for doors described in Sentence (1) shall be fastened,

(a) to wood doors with wood screws not less than 25 mm long and to wood frames with wood screws such that at least two screws per hinge penetrate not less than 30 mm into solid wood, or

(b) to metal doors and metal frames with machine screws not smaller than No. 10 and not less than 10 mm long.

(7) Except as provided in Sentence (2), strikeplates for deadbolts described in Sentence (4) shall be fastened,

(a) to wood frames with wood screws that penetrate not less than 30 mm into solid wood, or

(b) to metal frames with machine screws not smaller than No. 8 and not less than 10 mm long.

(8) Except for storm doors or screen doors, doors described in Sentence (1) that swing outward shall be provided with hinges or pins so that the doors cannot be removed when they are in the closed position.

(9) Solid blocking shall be provided on both sides at the lock height between the jambs for doors described in Sentence (1) and the structural framing so that the jambs will resist spreading by force.

(1) In dwelling units, windows, any part of which is located within 2 m of adjacent ground level, shall conform to the requirements for resistance to forced entry as described in Clause 5.3.5 of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, "NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights".

(1) The installation of windows, doors and skylights shall conform to CAN/CSA-A440.4, "Window, Door, and Skylight Installation", except that,

(a) shims used to support windows, doors and skylights are permitted to be of treated plywood, and

(b) protection from precipitation for walls incorporating windows or doors and for roofs incorporating skylights, and the interfaces of these walls with windows or doors and of roofs with skylights, shall conform to Section 9.27.

(2) The installation of manufactured and pre-assembled windows, doors and skylights and the field assembly of manufactured window and door combination units shall conform to the manufacturer's instructions.

(3) Windows, doors and skylights shall be sealed to air barriers and vapour barriers.

(1) The sealing compound used to seal the glass component of an insulating glazing unit to the sash component shall be compatible with the sealing compound used to edge seal the glass component.

(2) Flashing used to protect openings shall conform to Articles 9.27.3.7. and 9.27.3.8.

(3) Sealants shall be applied between window frames or trim and the exterior cladding or masonry in conformance with Subsection 9.27.4.

(4) All unfinished portions of the frame and other components of aluminum windows, doors or skylights in contact with the edges of masonry, concrete, stucco or plaster shall be protected with an alkali-resistant coating.

(1) This Section applies to the design and construction of interior and exterior stairs, steps, ramps, landings, handrails and guards.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence 9.8.6.2. (3), stairs, ramps, landings, handrails and guards in a garage that serves a house or an individual dwelling unit shall conform to the requirements for stairs, ramps, landings, handrails and guards within a dwelling unit.

(1) Where a stair, ramp or landing forms part of an exit, the appropriate requirements in Sections 9.9. and 9.10. shall also apply.

(1) Escalators and moving walks shall conform to the appropriate requirements in Part 3.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Article 9.8.4.5A., required exit stairs and public stairs serving buildings of residential occupancy shall have a width, measured between wall faces or guards, of not less than 900 mm.

(2) Required exit stairs serving a house or an individual dwelling unit shall have a width of not less than 860 mm.

(3) Except as provided in Article 9.8.4.5A., required exit stairs and public stairs serving buildings of other than residential occupancy shall have a width of not less than the greater of,

(a) 900 mm, or

(b) 8 mm per person based on the occupant load limits specified in Table 3.1.17.1.

(4) Except as provided in Article 9.8.4.5A., at least one stair between each floor level within a dwelling unit and exterior stairs serving a house or an individual dwelling unit shall have a width of not less than 860 mm.

(1) The clear height over stairs shall be measured vertically, over the clear width of the stair, from a straight line tangent to the tread and landing nosings to the lowest point above.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3) and Article 9.8.4.5A., the clear height over stairs shall not be less than 2 050 mm.

(3) Except as provided in Article 9.8.4.5A., the clear height over stairs serving a house or an individual dwelling unit shall not be less than 1 950 mm.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), stairs shall consist of,

(a) straight flights,

(b) curved flights, or

(c) spiral stairs.

(2) Stairs within houses and individual dwelling units may consist of,

(a) flights with rectangular treads and winders provided winders as described in Article 9.8.4.5. are installed between floor levels, or

(b) flights with a mix of rectangular and tapered treads provided all tapered treads within a flight turn in the same direction.

(3) Curved flights in exits shall comply with Sentence 3.4.6.9.(2).

(4) Spiral stairs shall comply with Article 9.8.4.5A.

(1) Except for stairs within a dwelling unit, at least three risers shall be provided in interior flights.

(1) The vertical height of a flight shall not exceed 3.7 m.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.8.4.5A., the rise, which is measured as the vertical nosing-to-nosing distance, shall conform to Table 9.8.4.1.

Table 9.8.4.1. Rise for Rectangular Treads, Tapered Treads and Winders and Run for Rectangular Treads

**Forming Part of Sentences 9.8.4.1.(1) and 9.8.4.2.(1)**

(1) Private stairs are:

(a) interior stairs within a house or an individual dwelling unit,

(b) exterior stairs serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, and

(c) exterior stairs serving a garage that serves a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(2) Public stairs are all stairs not described as service stairs or private stairs.

(3) Service stairs are stairs that serve areas used only as service rooms or service spaces.

(4) Stairs to unoccupied attic space are stairs that serve attics containing no storage or living space.

(1) The run for rectangular treads shall conform to Table 9.8.4.1.

(2) The depth of a rectangular tread shall be not less than its run and not more than its run plus 25 mm.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Articles 9.8.4.5. and 9.8.4.5A., tapered treads shall have a run that,

(a) is not less than 150 mm at the narrow end of the tread, and

(b) complies with the dimensions for rectangular treads specified in Table 9.8.4.1. when measured at a point 300 mm from the centre line of the inside handrail.

(2) Tapered treads in required exit stairs shall conform to the requirements in Article 3.4.6.9.

(3) The depth of a tapered tread shall be not less than its run at any point and not more than its run at any point plus 25 mm.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), risers shall be of uniform height in any one flight with a maximum tolerance of,

(a) 5 mm between adjacent treads or landings, and

(b) 10 mm between the tallest and shortest risers in a flight.

(2) Except for required exit stairs, where the top or bottom riser in a stair adjoins a sloping finished walking surface such as a garage floor, driveway or sidewalk, the height of the riser across the stair shall vary by not more than 1 in 12.

(3) Rectangular treads shall have uniform run with a maximum tolerance of,

(a) 5 mm between adjacent treads, and

(b) 10 mm between the deepest and shallowest treads in a flight.

(4) Tapered treads in a flight shall have a uniform run in accordance with the tolerances described in Sentence (3) when measured at a point 300 mm from the centre line of the inside handrail.

(5) The slope of treads shall not exceed 1 in 50.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Article 9.8.4.5., where a flight within a house or individual dwelling unit consists of both tapered treads and rectangular treads, all the treads shall have a uniform run when measured at a point 300 mm from the centre line of the inside handrail.

(2) Where tapered treads are located at the bottom of a mixed-tread flight described in Sentence (1), the run of the tapered treads when measured at a point 300 mm from the centre line of the inside handrail is permitted to exceed the run of the rectangular treads.

(1) Stairs within dwelling units are permitted to contain winders that converge to a centre point provided,

(a) the winders turn through an angle of not more than 90°,

(b) individual treads turn through an angle of not less than 30° or not more than 45°, and

(c) adjacent winders turn through the same angle.

(2) Where more than one set of winders described in Sentence (1) is provided in a single stairway between adjacent floor levels, such winders shall be separated in plan by at least 1 200 mm.

(1) Spiral stairs shall have,

(a) handrails on both sides, the outer handrail being not less than 1 070 mm high,

(b) a clear width not less than 660 mm between handrails,

(c) risers that are not more than 240 mm high,

(d) treads that,

(i) are a minimum of 190 mm deep at a point 300 mm from the centre line of the inside handrail,

(ii) have a consistent angle and uniform dimension, and

(iii) turn in the same direction, and

(e) a clear height not less than 1 980 mm.

(2) Spiral stairs conforming to Sentence (1) are permitted to be used as the only means of egress where they serve not more than 3 persons.

(3) Except as permitted by Sentence (2), spiral stairs shall not serve as an exit.

(1) Leading edges of treads that are bevelled or rounded shall,

(a) not reduce the required tread depth by more than 15 mm, and

(b) not, in any case, exceed 25 mm horizontally.

(1) Interior stairways extending through the roof of a building shall be protected from ice and snow.

(1) This Subsection applies to pedestrian ramps except ramps in a barrier-free path of travel.

(2) Ramps in a barrier-free path of travel shall conform to the requirements in Article 3.8.3.4.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), ramps shall not be less than 1 100 mm wide.

(2) Ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit shall not be less than 860 mm wide.

(1) The clear height over ramps shall be not less than,

(a) 1 950 mm for ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, and

(b) 2 050 mm for ramps not serving a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(1) The slope of ramps shall be not more than,

(a) 1 in 10 for exterior ramps,

(b) 1 in 10 for interior ramps serving residential occupancies,

(c) 1 in 6 for industrial occupancies, and

(d) 1 in 8 for all other occupancies.

(1) Where the slope of the ramp is greater than 1 in 12, the maximum rise between floors or landings shall be 1 500 mm.

(1) This Subsection applies to landings, except landings for ramps in a barrier-free path of travel.

(2) Landings for ramps in a barrier-free path of travel shall conform to the requirements in Article 3.8.3.4.

(3) Finished floors, and ground surfaces with a slope not exceeding 1 in 50, at the top and bottom of stairs or ramps shall be considered as landings.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2), (3) and (4) and Sentence 9.9.6.6.(2), a landing shall be provided,

(a) at the top and bottom of each flight of interior and exterior stairs, including stairs in garages,

(b) at the top and bottom of every ramp with a slope greater than 1 in 50, and

(c) where a doorway opens onto a stair or ramp.

(2) Where a door at the top of a stair in a dwelling unit swings away from the stair, no landing is required between the doorway and the stair.

(3) A landing may be omitted at the top of an exterior stair serving a garage or a secondary entrance to a house or an individual dwelling unit, including an entrance from an attached garage, provided,

(a) the stair does not contain more than three risers,

(b) except as provided in Clause (c), the door is a sliding door or swings away from the stair, and

(c) where a storm or screen door is provided, it may swing over the stair if it is equipped with hardware to hold it open.

(3.1) Sentence (3) does not apply to an exterior stair serving a secondary entrance to a house that is also a main entrance to a dwelling unit in the house.

(4) A landing may be omitted at the bottom of an exterior stair or ramp provided there is no obstruction, such as a gate or door, within the lesser of the width of the stair or ramp, or,

(a) 900 mm for stairs or ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, and

(b) 1 100 mm for stairs or ramps not serving a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) to (7), landings shall be,

(a) at least as wide as the width of the stair or ramp in which they occur, and

(b) at least as long as the width of the stair or ramp in which they occur.

(2) Where the landing in a stair or ramp does not turn or turns less than 90o, the length of the landing shall not be less than the lesser of,

(a) the required width of the stair or ramp, or

(b) 1 100 mm.

(3) The length of a landing described in Sentence (2) shall be measured perpendicular to the nosings of adjacent treads or to the end of the ramp, at a distance equal to half the length required by Sentence (2) from the narrow edge of the landing.

(4) Where flights or ramps of different widths adjoin a single landing, the minimum width of the landing shall be,

(a) not less than the greater required stair or ramp width, where one or more of the stair or ramp widths do not exceed their respective required widths, or

(b) not less than the lesser actual stair or ramp width, where all of the widths of the stairs or ramps exceed their respective required widths.

(5) Where a door swings toward a stair, the full arc of the swing shall be over the landing.

(6) The slope of landings shall not exceed 1 in 50.

(7) Where a doorway or stair opens onto the side of a ramp, the landing shall extend for a distance of not less than 300 mm on either side of the doorway or stair, except on a side abutting an end wall.

(1) The clear height over landings shall be not less than,

(a) 1 950 mm for landings serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, and

(b) 2 050 mm for landings not serving a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) to (5), a handrail shall be installed on stairs and ramps in conformance with Table 9.8.7.1.

Table 9.8.7.1. Handrails for Stairs and Ramps

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.8.7.1.(1)**

(2) Where a stair or a ramp is required to be at least 2 200 mm wide due to the occupant load, a handrail shall be installed such that no position on the stair or ramp is more than 825 mm from a handrail.

(3) A handrail is not required for stairs and ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, where,

(a) interior stairs have not more than two risers,

(b) exterior stairs have not more than three risers, or

(c) ramps rise not more than 400 mm.

(4) Only one handrail is required on exterior stairs having more than three risers, provided such stairs serve a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(5) Except for stairs with winders, where a flight of stairs within a house or an individual dwelling unit consists of tapered treads, or a mix of tapered treads and rectangular treads, one handrail shall be installed along the narrow end of the treads.

(1) Except for stairs or ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, at least one required handrail shall be continuous throughout the length of the stair or ramp, including at the landings, except where interrupted by doorways.

(2) For stairs or ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, at least one required handrail shall be continuous throughout the length of the stair or ramp, except where interrupted by,

(a) doorways,

(b) landings, or

(c) newel posts at changes in direction.

(1) Handrails shall be terminated in a manner that will not obstruct pedestrian travel or create a hazard.

(2) Except for stairs and ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, at least one handrail at the sides of a stair or ramp shall extend horizontally not less than 300 mm beyond the top and bottom of each flight or ramp.

(1) The height of handrails on stairs and ramps shall be measured vertically from the top of the handrail to,

(a) a straight line drawn tangent to the tread nosings of the stair served by the handrail, or

(b) the surface of the ramp, floor or landing served by the handrail.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), Clause 3.8.3.4.(1)(e) and Sentence 9.8.4.5A.(1), handrails shall be 865 mm to 1 070 mm high.

(3) Handrails installed in addition to required handrails need not comply with Sentence (2).

(4) Revoked: O. Reg. 88/19, s. 211.

(1) The clearance between a handrail and any surface behind it shall be not less than,

(a) 60 mm, if the surface behind the handrail is rough or abrasive, or

(b) 50 mm, in all other cases.

(2) All handrails shall be constructed so as to be continually graspable along their entire length with no obstruction on or above them to break a handhold.

(1) Handrails and projections below handrails, including handrail supports and stair stringers, shall not project more than 100 mm into the required width of a stair or ramp.

(1) Handrails and their supports shall be designed and constructed to withstand the following loads, which need not be considered to act simultaneously:

(a) a concentrated load of not less than 0.9 kN applied at any point and in any direction for all handrails, and

(b) for handrails other than those serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, a uniform load of not less than 0.7 kN/m.

(2) Where exterior or interior handrails serving a house or an individual dwelling unit are attached to wood studs or blocking, the attachment shall be deemed to comply with Sentence (1), where,

(a) the attachment points are spaced not more than 1.2 m apart measured on the horizontal plane,

(b) the first attachment point at either end is located not more than 300 mm from the end of the handrail, and

(c) the fasteners consist of no fewer than two No. 8 wood screws at each point, penetrating not less than 32 mm into solid wood.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), every surface to which access is provided, including but not limited to flights, ramps, exterior landings, porches, balconies, mezzanines, galleries and raised walkways, shall be protected by a guard on each side that is not protected by a wall for the length, where,

(a) there is a difference in elevation of more than 600 mm between the walking surface and the adjacent surface, or

(b) the adjacent surface within 1.2 m from the walking surface has a slope of more than 1 in 2.

(2) Guards are not required,

(a) at loading docks,

(b) at floor pits in repair garages, or

(c) where access is provided for maintenance purposes only.

(3) Reserved

(4) Doors in buildings of residential occupancy, where the finished floor on one side of the door is more than 600 mm above the floor or other surface or ground level on the other side of the door, shall be protected by,

(a) a guard in accordance with this Subsection, or

(b) a mechanism capable of controlling the free swinging or sliding of the door so as to limit any clear unobstructed opening to not more than 100 mm.

(5) Except as provided in Sentence (6), openable windows in buildings of residential occupancy shall be protected by,

(a) a guard in accordance with this Subsection, or

(b) a mechanism capable of controlling the free swinging or sliding of the openable part of the window so as to limit any clear unobstructed opening to a size that will prevent the passage of a sphere having a diameter more than 100 mm.

(6) Windows need not be protected in accordance with Sentence (5), where,

(a) the window serves a dwelling unit that is not located above another suite,

(b) the only opening having greater dimensions than those allowed by Clause (5)(b) is a horizontal opening at the top of the window,

(c) the top surface of the window sill is located more than 480 mm above the finished floor on one side of the window, or

(d) the window is located in a room or space with the finished floor described in Clause (c) located less than 1 800 mm above the floor or ground on the other side of the window.

(7) Except as provided in Sentence (8), glazing installed over stairs, ramps and landings that extends to less than 1 070 mm above the surface of the treads, ramp or landing shall be,

(a) protected by guards in accordance with this Subsection, or

(b) non-openable and designed to withstand the specified lateral loads for guards as provided in Article 4.1.5.14.

(8) In dwelling units, glazing installed over stairs, ramps and landings that extends to less than 900 mm above the surface of the treads, ramp or landing shall be,

(a) protected by guards in accordance with this Subsection, or

(b) non-openable and designed to withstand the specified lateral loads for guards as provided in Article 4.1.5.14.

(9) Glazing installed in public areas that extends to less than 1 000 mm from the floor and is located above the second storey in buildings of residential occupancy shall be,

(a) protected by guards in accordance with this Subsection, or

(b) non-openable and designed to withstand the specified lateral loads for guards as provided in Article 4.1.5.14.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2), (4) and (5), guards shall be designed to resist the specified loads prescribed in Table 9.8.8.2.

Table 9.8.8.2. Specified Loads for Guards

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.8.8.2.(1)**

(1) The load that creates the most critical condition shall apply.

(2) See Sentence (2).

(2) For guards within dwelling units and in exterior guards serving not more than 2 dwelling units, where the width and spacing of pickets are such that three pickets can be engaged by a load imposed over a 300 mm width, the load shall be imposed so as to engage three pickets.

(3) None of the specified loads prescribed in Table 9.8.8.2. need be considered to act simultaneously.

(4) For guards within dwelling units and for exterior guards serving not more than 2 dwelling units, Table 9.8.8.2. need not apply where the guard construction has been demonstrated to provide effective performance.

(5) Guards constructed in accordance with the requirements in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-7, "Guards for Housing and Small Buildings" shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of Sentence (1).

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2), (3), (4) and (6), all guards shall be not less than 1 070 mm high.

(2) All guards within dwelling units, other than guards serving spiral stairs, shall be not less than 900 mm high.

(3) Exterior guards serving a house or an individual dwelling unit shall be not less than 900 mm high where the walking surface served by the guard is not more than 1 800 mm above the finished ground level.

(4) Guards for flights, except in required exit stairs, shall be not less than 900 mm high.

(5) Reserved

(6) The height of guards for exterior stairs and landings more than 10 m above adjacent ground level shall be not less than 1 500 mm.

(7) The height of guards for flights shall be measured vertically from the top of the guard to a straight line tangent to tread nosings served by the guard.

(1) Except for floors of garages referred to in Section 9.35., where garage floors or ramps are 600 mm or more above the adjacent ground or floor level, every opening through a garage floor and the perimeter of floors and ramps that have no exterior walls shall be provided with,

(a) a continuous curb not less than 140 mm in height, and

(b) a guard not less than 1 070 mm above the floor level.

(2) Vehicle guardrails shall be designed and constructed to withstand the loading values specified in Sentence 4.1.5.15.(1).

(1) Except as permitted in Sentences (2) and (3), openings through guards shall be of a size that prevents the passage of a spherical object having a diameter of 100 mm.

(2) Except where they serve storage garages, guards in industrial occupancies are permitted to consist of,

(a) a top railing, and

(b) one or more horizontal intermediate rails spaced such that the size of the openings through the guard prevents the passage of a spherical object having a diameter of 535 mm.

(3) Openings through any guard that is not required by Article 9.8.8.1. and that serves an occupancy other than industrial occupancy, shall be of a size that,

(a) prevents the passage of a spherical object having a diameter of 100 mm, or

(b) permits the passage of a spherical object having a diameter of 200 mm.

(1) Guards required by Article 9.8.8.1., except those in industrial occupancies and where it can be shown that the location and size of openings do not represent a hazard, shall be designed so that no member, attachment or opening located between 140 mm and 900 mm above the floor or walking surface protected by the guard will facilitate climbing.

(1) Glass in guards shall be,

(a) safety glass of the laminated or tempered type conforming to CAN/CGSB-12.1-M, "Tempered or Laminated Safety Glass", or

(b) wired glass conforming to CAN/CGSB-12.11-M, "Wired Safety Glass".

(1) Except as required in Articles 9.8.9.4. and 9.8.9.5., stairs and ramps shall be designed for strength and rigidity under uniform loading criteria to support specified loads of,

(a) 1.9 kPa for stairs and ramps serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, and

(b) 4.8 kPa for other stairs and ramps.

(1) Exterior concrete stairs with more than two risers and two treads shall be,

(a) supported on unit masonry or concrete walls or piers not less than 150 mm in cross-section, or

(b) cantilevered from the main foundation wall.

(2) Stairs described in Sentence (1), when cantilevered from the foundation wall, shall be constructed and installed in conformance with Subsection 9.8.10.

(3) The depth below ground level for foundations for exterior steps shall conform to the requirements in Section 9.12.

(1) Exterior wood steps shall not be in direct contact with the ground unless suitably treated with a wood preservative.

(1) Wooden stair stringers shall,

(a) have a minimum effective depth of 90 mm, measured perpendicularly to the bottom of the stringer at the point of minimum cross-section, and an overall depth of not less than 235 mm,

(b) be supported and secured top and bottom,

(c) be not less than 25 mm actual thickness if supported along their length and 38 mm actual thickness if unsupported along their length, and

(d) except as permitted in Sentence (2), be spaced not more than 900 mm o.c. for stairs serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, and 600 mm o.c. in other stairs.

(2) For stairs serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, where risers support the front portion of the tread, the space between stringers shall be not more than 1 200 mm.

(1) Stair treads of lumber, plywood or O-2 grade OSB within dwelling units shall be not less than 25 mm actual thickness, except that if open risers are used and the distance between stringers exceeds 750 mm, the treads shall be not less than 38 mm actual thickness.

(2) Stair treads of plywood or OSB, that are not continuously supported by the riser shall have their face grain or direction of face orientation at right angles to the stringers.

(1) Except as required by Sentence (5), the finish for treads, landings and ramps shall be,

(a) wear-resistant,

(b) slip-resistant, and

(c) smooth, even and free from open defects.

(2) The finish for treads, landings and ramps within a house or an individual dwelling unit, including those from an attached garage serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, shall be deemed to comply with Sentence (1) where these treads, landings or ramps are finished with,

(a) hardwood,

(b) vertical grain softwood,

(c) resilient flooring,

(d) low-pile carpet,

(e) mat finish ceramic tile,

(f) concrete, or

(g) for stairs to unfinished basements and to garages, plywood.

(3) Stairs and ramps, except those serving a house, an individual dwelling unit, service rooms or service spaces, shall have a colour contrast or a distinctive visual pattern to demarcate,

(a) the leading edge of the treads,

(b) the leading edge of the landing, and

(c) the beginning and end of a ramp.

(4) Except for stairs serving a house, an individual dwelling unit, service rooms or service spaces, a tactile attention indicator conforming to Article 3.8.3.18. shall be installed,

(a) at the top of the stairs, starting one tread depth back from the edge of the top stair, and

(b) at the leading edge of landings where a doorway opens onto stairs, starting one tread depth back from the edge of the landing.

(5) Treads and landings of interior and exterior stairs and ramps, other than those within dwelling units, shall have a slip-resistant finish or be provided with slip-resistant strips that extend not more than 1 mm above the surface.

(1) Exterior concrete steps and their anchorage system that are cantilevered from a foundation wall shall be designed and installed to support the loads to which they may be subjected.

(1) Cantilevered concrete steps referred to in Article 9.8.10.1. shall be anchored to concrete foundation walls at least 200 mm thick.

(1) Suitable precautions shall be taken during backfilling and grading operations to ensure that subsequent freezing of the soil will not cause uplift forces on the underside of cantilevered concrete steps to the extent that the steps or the walls to which they are attached will be damaged.

(1) Stairways, handrails and guards in a means of egress shall conform to the requirements in Section 9.8. as well as to the requirements in this Section.

(1) In addition to the fire protection requirements provided in Subsection 9.9.4., flame-spread ratings, fire-resistance ratings and fire-protection ratings for means of egress shall conform to Section 9.10.

(1) The occupant load of a floor area or part of a floor area, or of a building or part of a building not having a floor area, shall be based on,

(a) two persons per sleeping room or sleeping area in a dwelling unit or suite, and

(b) for occupancies other than as described in Clause (a), the number of persons,

(i) for which the area is designed, or

(ii) determined from Table 3.1.17.1.

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Section, an exit from any floor area shall be one of the following used singly or in combination:

(a) an exterior doorway,

(b) an exterior passageway,

(c) an exterior ramp,

(d) an exterior stairway,

(e) a fire escape (as described in Subsection 3.4.7.),

(f) a horizontal exit,

(g) an interior passageway,

(h) an interior ramp, or

(i) an interior stairway.

(2) Fire escapes are permitted to be used as exits on existing buildings provided they are designed and installed in conformance with Subsection 3.4.7.

(3) Fire escapes shall not be installed on any new building.

(4) Where a horizontal exit is used, it shall conform to Sentence 3.4.1.6.(1) and Article 3.4.6.10.

(1) An exit shall be designed for no purpose other than for exiting, except that an exit may also serve as an access to a floor area.

(1) Elevators, slide escapes or windows shall not be considered as part of a required means of egress.

(2) Except for floor areas of mercantile occupancy, casement windows not less than 1 060 mm high, 560 mm wide, with a sill height not more than 900 mm above the inside floor, are permitted to be considered part of a required means of egress to provide access to fire escapes, when fire escapes are permitted.

(1) Except for doors serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, at least one door at every principal entrance to a building providing access from the exterior at ground level shall be designed in accordance with the requirements for exits.

(1) Except for curved stairs, the front edge of stair treads in exits and access to exits shall be at right angles to the direction of exit travel.

(1) Treads and landings of exterior exit stairs that serve a hotel shall be designed to be free from ice and snow accumulation.

(1) This Subsection applies to every means of egress except,

(a) exits that serve a house or an individual dwelling unit, and

(b) access to exits within a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Except for doors and corridors, the width of every exit facility shall be not less than 900 mm.

(1) The width of every public corridor, corridor used by the public, and exit corridor shall be not less than 1 100 mm.

(1) Except for stairways, doorways and storage garages, the minimum clear height in exits and access to exits shall be 2 100 mm.

(2) The clear height in exits and access to exits in a storage garage shall be not less than 2 000 mm.

(1) Except as provided in Articles 9.9.4.4. and 9.9.4.6., this Subsection applies to the fire protection of all exits except exits serving an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (5) and Article 9.9.8.5., every exit other than an exit doorway shall be separated from each adjacent floor area or from another exit by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating not less than that required for the floor assembly above the floor area.

(2) Where there is no floor assembly above, the fire-resistance rating required in Sentence (1) shall not be less than that required by Subsection 9.10.8. for the floor assembly below, but in no case shall the fire-resistance rating be less than 45 min.

(3) A fire separation common to two exits shall be smoke-tight and not be pierced by doorways, duct work, piping or any other opening that may affect the continuity of the separation.

(4) A fire separation that separates an exit from the remainder of the building shall have no openings except those for electrical wiring, noncombustible conduit and noncombustible piping that serve only the exit, and for standpipes, sprinkler piping, exit doorways and wired glass and glass block permitted in Article 9.9.4.3.

(5) The requirements in Sentence (1) do not apply to an exterior exit passageway provided the passageway has at least 50 per cent of its exterior sides open to the outdoors and is served by an exit stair at each end of the passageway.

(1) This Article applies to wired glass in doors, and wired glass or glass block in sidelights, where these are installed in fire separations between exit enclosures and floor areas.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), the combined area of glazing in doors and sidelights shall not exceed 0.8 m².

(3) Where an exit enclosure connects with a floor area through an enclosed vestibule or corridor separated from the floor area by fire separations having not less than a 45 min fire-resistance rating, the glazed areas described in Sentence (1) need not be limited as required in Sentence (2).

(1) Where an unenclosed exterior exit stair or ramp provides the only means of egress from a suite, and is exposed to fire from openings in the exterior walls of another fire compartment, the openings in the exterior walls of the building shall be protected with wired glass in fixed steel frames or glass block conforming to Articles 9.10.13.5. and 9.10.13.7. when the openings in the exterior walls of the building are within 3 m horizontally and less than 10 m below or less than 5 m above the exit stair or ramp.

(1) Either openings in the exterior walls of an exit or openings in adjacent exterior walls of the building the exit serves shall be protected with wired glass in fixed steel frames or glass block installed in accordance with Articles 9.10.13.5. and 9.10.13.7., where,

(a) the exit enclosure has exterior walls that intersect the exterior walls of the building at an angle of less than 135° measured on the outside of the building, and

(b) the openings in the exterior walls of the building are within 3 m horizontally and less than 2 m above the openings in the exterior walls of the exit.

(1) This Article applies to,

(a) exit doors serving other than an individual dwelling unit, and

(b) exit doors serving an individual dwelling unit where there is no second and separate exit from the dwelling unit.

(2) Where an exterior exit door described in Sentence (1) in one fire compartment is within 3 m horizontally of an unprotected opening in another fire compartment and the exterior walls of these fire compartments intersect at an exterior angle of less than 135°, the opening shall be protected with wired glass in fixed steel frames or glass block conforming to Articles 9.10.13.5. and 9.10.13.7. or with a rated closure conforming to Table 9.10.13.1. with respect to the rating of the fire separation between the two compartments.

(1) Notwithstanding the requirements of Sentences 9.9.4.2.(1), 9.9.8.2.(1) and Article 9.10.9.5., where a suite of Group D or E occupancy is located partly on the first storey and partly on the second storey or partly on the second storey and partly on the third storey, stairways serving that suite need not be constructed as exit stairs, provided,

(a) the building is not greater than three storeys in building height,

(b) the suite is separated from other occupancies by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min,

(c) the area occupied by the suite is not greater than 100 m² per storey, other than the exit level storey,

(d) the maximum travel distance from any point in the suite to an exterior exit is not greater than 25 m,

(e) the floor assemblies have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min or are of noncombustible construction,

(f) the basement and first storey are separated by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min, and

(g) a smoke alarm is installed on each floor of the suite, including the basement, in accordance with Subsection 9.10.19.

(2) Revoked: O. Reg. 191/14, s. 99.

(1) This Subsection applies to obstructions and hazards in every means of egress except those within or serving an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Where a corridor contains an occupancy, the occupancy shall not reduce the unobstructed width of the corridor to less than the required width of the corridor.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), obstructions located within 1 980 mm of the floor shall not project horizontally more than 100 mm into exit passageways, corridors used by the public or public corridors in a manner that would create a hazard for persons with no or low vision travelling adjacent to walls.

(2) The horizontal projection of an obstruction in Sentence (1) is permitted to exceed 100 mm where the obstruction extends to less than 680 mm above the floor.

(1) Except as permitted in Subsection 9.9.6. and Article 9.8.7.6., no fixture, turnstile or construction shall project within the required width of an exit.

(1) No obstructions such as posts or turnstiles shall be placed so as to restrict the width of a required means of egress from a floor area or part of a floor area to less than 750 mm unless an alternate unobstructed means of egress is provided adjacent to and plainly visible from the restricted egress.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), no obstructions, such as counter gates, that do not meet the requirements for exit doors, shall be placed in a required means of egress from a floor area or part of a floor area unless an alternate unobstructed means of egress is provided adjacent to and plainly visible from the restricted egress.

(3) Obstructions, such as counter gates, that do not satisfy Sentence (2), are permitted to be placed in a required means of egress from a part of a floor area in mercantile occupancies and business and personal services occupancies, provided that the part of the floor area served by the obstructed means of egress is not generally accessible to the public.

(1) No mirror shall be placed in or adjacent to any exit so as to cause confusion regarding the direction of exit, and no mirror or draperies shall be placed on or over exit doors.

(1) Fuel-fired appliances shall not be installed in an exit or corridor serving as an access to exit.

(1) Service rooms containing equipment subject to possible explosion, such as boilers designed to operate at a pressure in excess of 100 kPa, and certain types of refrigerating and transformer equipment, shall not be located under required exits.

(1) Ancillary rooms such as storage rooms, washrooms, toilet rooms, laundry rooms and service rooms shall not open directly into an exit.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (4), swinging doors in their swing shall conform to Sentences (2) and (3),

(a) at exit doors,

(b) at doors that open into or are located within a public corridor, and

(c) at doors that open into or are located within another facility that provides access to exit from a suite.

(2) When fully open, doors described in Sentence (1) shall not decrease the required exit width by more than,

(a) 100 mm in exit corridors, and

(b) 50 mm for other exit facilities.

(3) The swing of doors described in Sentence (1) shall not reduce the width of the path of travel to less than,

(a) the required exit width in exit corridors and passageways, and

(b) 750 mm on exit stairs or landings.

(4) Doors serving a house or an individual dwelling unit need not comply with Sentences (2) and (3).

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), the clear opening height of doorways shall be not less than 2 030 mm high at,

(a) exit doors,

(b) doors that open into or are located within a public corridor, and

(c) doors that open into or are located within another facility that provides access to exit from a suite.

(2) The clear opening height under door closers and other devices in doorways described in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 1 980 mm.

(3) Doorways serving a house or an individual dwelling unit need not comply with Sentences (1) and (2).

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (4), the clear opening width of doorways shall comply with Sentence (2) at,

(a) exit doors, and

(b) doors that open into or are located,

(i) within a public corridor, or

(ii) within another facility that provides access to exit from a suite.

(2) Doorways described in Sentence (1) shall be not less than,

(a) 800 mm wide where there is only one door leaf,

(b) 800 mm wide where multiple-leaf doors are installed with only one active leaf with a latching mechanism described in Article 9.9.6.7., and

(c) 1210 mm wide where multiple-leaf doors are installed with two active leaves.

(3) In doorways described in Sentence (1) that have multiple-leaf doors installed,

(a) no active leaf shall be less than 810 mm wide where only one leaf is active, and

(b) no single leaf shall be less than 610 mm wide where two leaves are active.

(4) Doorways serving a house or an individual dwelling unit need not comply with Sentence (2).

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (4) and (5), required exit doors and doors in required means of egress, except doors in means of egress within dwelling units, shall swing on the vertical axis.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (5), breakaway sliding doors, installed as required exit doors or required doors in means of egress, shall be identified as swinging doors by means of a label or decal affixed to the door.

(3) Revolving doors shall comply with Article 3.4.6.15.

(4) Movable partitions used to separate a public corridor from an adjacent business and personal services occupancy or a mercantile occupancy need not conform to Sentence (1), provided the partitions are not located in the only means of egress.

(5) Exit doors need not conform to Sentence (1) or (2), where,

(a) the doors serve accessory buildings where life safety is not adversely affected, or

(b) the doors serve storage garages or other accessory buildings serving a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Except as permitted by Sentence (2) and except for doors serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, exit doors that are required to swing shall swing in the direction of exit travel.

(2) An exit door need not swing in the direction of exit travel where it serves,

(a) a room, suite or floor area having an occupant load of not more than 60 persons, or

(b) as part of a means of egress from more than one floor area and the floor areas so served have a total occupant load of not more than 60 persons.

(3) Doors that open onto a corridor or other facility that provides access to exit from a room or suite having an occupant load of more than 60 persons shall swing on the vertical axis in the direction of exit travel.

(4) Doors that divide a corridor that is not wholly contained within a suite shall swing in the direction of exit travel.

(5) Where a pair of doors is installed in a corridor that provides access to exit in both directions, the doors shall,

(a) swing in opposite directions, with the door on the right hand side swinging in the direction of exit travel, or

(b) swing in both directions.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the distance between a stair riser and the leading edge of a door in its swing, except for doors serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, shall be not less than 300 mm.

(2) Where there is a danger of blockage from ice or snow, an exit door, including a door serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, may open onto not more than one step provided the riser of such step does not exceed 150 mm.

(1) Principal entrance doors, exit doors and doors to suites, including exterior doors serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, and other doors in an access to exit shall,

(a) be openable from the inside or in travelling to an exit without requiring keys, special devices or specialized knowledge of the door opening mechanism, or

(b) be controlled by electromagnetic locking mechanisms in accordance with Sentence 3.4.6.16.(4).

(2) Except for doors serving a house or an individual dwelling unit and except for doors to accessory buildings and to garages serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, door release hardware on doors in a means of egress shall be operable with one hand and the door shall be openable with not more than one releasing operation.

(3) Door release hardware on doors in a means of egress shall be installed not more than 1 200 mm above the finished floor.

(4) Except for hotels, a door opening onto a public corridor that provides access to exit from suites shall be designed not to lock automatically when such doors are equipped with an automatic self-closing device.

(1) Except as required by Sentence 3.8.3.3.(7), every exit door, except doors serving a house or an individual dwelling unit, shall be designed and installed so that when the latch is released the door will open in the direction of exit travel under a force of not more than 90 N applied to the door release hardware.

(1) An access to exit shall be provided from every roof intended for occupancy and from every podium, terrace, platform or contained open space.

(2) Where a roof is intended for an occupant load of more than 60 persons, at least two separate means of egress shall be provided from the roof to stairs designed in conformance with the requirements for exit stairs and located remote from each other.

(3) Where a podium, terrace, platform or contained open space is provided, egress requirements shall conform to the appropriate requirements for rooms or suites in Article 9.9.7.4.

(1) Except as required by Sentence 9.9.9.3.(1), each suite in a floor area occupied by more than one suite shall have,

(a) an exterior exit doorway,

(b) a doorway to a public corridor, or

(c) a doorway to an exterior passageway.

(2) Except as provided in Sentences 9.9.7.3.(1) and 9.9.8.2.(2), from the point where a doorway described in Clause (1)(b) or (c) enters the public corridor or exterior passageway, it shall be possible to go in opposite directions to each of two separate exits.

(1) A dead-end public corridor is permitted in an occupancy shown in Table 9.9.7.3., where,

(a) the dead-end corridor,

(i) does not exceed the distance of travel measured from the most remote point of the dead-end to a point where it is possible to go in opposite directions to each of two separate exits, and

(ii) is provided with doors equipped with self-closing devices, or

(b) there is a second and separate egress doorway from each room or suite not leading into the dead-end corridor.

Table 9.9.7.3. Dead-End Public Corridors

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.9.7.3.(1)**

(2) Dead-end public corridors in residential occupancies and business and personal services occupancies shall contain only suite door openings arranged so that not more than two such doors have to be passed to reach the nearest exit.

(3) The area of wired glass in doors required by Sentence (2) shall not exceed 645 cm².

(1) Except for dwelling units, at least two egress doors shall be provided where,

(a) the area of a room or suite exceeds 200 m² in a Group D, E, F2 and F3 occupancy, or 150 m² in a Group C occupancy, or

(b) the distance measured from any point within a room or suite to the nearest egress door exceeds 25 m.

(2) Doors required in Sentence (1) shall be spaced so that in the event one door is made inaccessible by a fire within such a room or suite, the other door will provide safe egress.

(1) Required access to exit from suites shall not be through any other dwelling unit, service room or other occupancy.

(1) Except for dwelling units, the travel distance from any point within the room or suite to the nearest egress door shall not exceed the maximum travel distance in Article 9.9.8.2.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), for the purposes of this Subsection, travel distance means the distance from any point in the floor area to an exit measured along the path of exit travel.

(2) Where a room or suite is separated from the remainder of the floor area by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of at least 45 min, or in a sprinklered building, by a fire separation that is not required to have a fire-resistance rating, the travel distance is permitted to be measured from an egress door of the room or suite to the nearest exit.

(3) Where a public corridor is not less than 9 m wide and conforms to Clause 3.4.2.5.(1)(d), the travel distance is permitted to be determined in accordance with that Clause.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3) and Subsection 9.9.9., at least two exits shall be provided from every floor area, spaced so that the travel distance to the nearest exit is not more than,

(a) 40 m in the case of business and personal services occupancies,

(b) 45 m for all occupancies where the floor area is sprinklered, and

(c) 30 m for all other occupancies.

(2) Except as provided in Subsection 9.9.9., a single exit is permitted from each storey in buildings of 1 and 2 storeys in building height provided the floor area and travel distance requirements conform to those required in Article 9.9.7.4. and the total occupant load served by an exit facility does not exceed 60 persons.

(3) In boarding, lodging or rooming houses,

(a) where sleeping accommodation is provided for not more than eight persons, a single exit is permitted from each floor area, or

(b) where sleeping accommodation is not provided in the basement, a single exit is permitted from the basement floor area.

(1) Where more than one exit is required from a floor area, each exit shall be considered as contributing not more than half the required exit width.

(1) Where more than one exit is required from a floor area, at least two exits shall be independent of each other and be placed remote from each other along the path of travel between them.

(1) Not more than one exit from a floor area is permitted to lead through a lobby.

(2) The floor of the lobby referred to in Sentence (1) shall be not more than 4.5 m above grade, and the path of travel through the lobby to the outdoors shall not exceed 15 m.

(3) The lobby referred to in Sentence (1) shall conform in all respects to the requirements for exits, except that rooms other than service rooms, storage rooms and rooms of residential or industrial occupancy are permitted to open directly onto such lobby.

(4) Except as provided in Sentence (6), an exit is permitted to lead through a lobby referred to in Sentence (1) provided the lobby is not located within an interconnected floor space other than as described in Sentence 3.2.8.2.(6).

(5) Passenger elevators are permitted to open onto the lobby referred to in Sentence (1) provided the elevator doors are designed to remain closed except while loading and unloading.

(6) An exit that serves a hotel is permitted to lead through a lobby referred to in Sentence (1) provided the lobby is not located within an interconnected floor space.

(7) Where the lobby referred to in Sentence (1) and adjacent occupancies that are permitted to open into the lobby are sprinklered, the fire separation between such occupancies and the lobby need not have a fire-resistance rating.

(1) Except as provided by Sentences (2) and (3), the space above a mezzanine shall be served by at least two means of egress leading to exits accessible at the mezzanine level on the same basis as floor areas.

(2) One means of egress from a mezzanine is permitted, where,

(a) the mezzanine is not required to terminate at a vertical fire separation, as permitted by Sentence 9.10.12.1.(2),

(b) the occupant load of the mezzanine is not more than 60,

(c) the area of the mezzanine does not exceed the area limits of Clause 9.9.7.4.(1)(a), and

(d) the distance limits of Clause 9.9.7.4.(1)(b) measured along the path of travel, are not exceeded from any point on the mezzanine to,

(i) an egress door serving the space that the mezzanine overlooks if the space is served by a single egress door, or

(ii) an egress stairway leading to an access to exit in the space below if that space is required to be served by two or more egress doorways in conformance with Sentence 9.9.7.4.(1).

(3) One of the means of egress from a mezzanine that is not required to terminate at a fire separation as permitted by Sentence 9.10.12.1.(2) and that exceeds the limits of Sentence (2), is permitted to lead through the room in which the mezzanine is located provided all other means of egress from that mezzanine lead to exits accessible at the mezzanine level.

(4) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the maximum travel distance from any point on a mezzanine to the nearest exit shall be not more than,

(a) 40 m in a business and personal services occupancy,

(b) 45 m in a floor area that is sprinklered provided it does not contain a high hazard industrial occupancy, or

(c) 30 m in any floor area not referred to in Clause (a) or (b).

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), every dwelling unit containing more than 1 storey shall have exits or egress doors located so that it shall not be necessary to travel up or down more than 1 storey to reach a level served by,

(a) an egress door to a public corridor, enclosed exit stair or exterior passageway, or

(b) an exit doorway not more than 1 500 mm above adjacent ground level.

(2) Where a dwelling unit is not located above or below another suite, the travel limit from a floor level in the dwelling unit to an exit or egress door is permitted to exceed 1 storey where that floor level is served by an openable window or door,

(a) providing an unobstructed opening of not less than 1 000 mm in height and 550 mm in width, and

(b) located so that the sill is not more than,

(i) 1 000 mm above the floor, and

(ii) 7 m above adjacent ground level.

(3) The travel limit from a floor level in a dwelling unit to an exit or egress door is permitted to exceed 1 storey where that floor level has direct access to a balcony.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence 9.9.7.3.(1), where an egress door from a dwelling unit opens onto a public corridor or exterior passageway it shall be possible from the location where the egress door opens onto the corridor or exterior passageway to go in opposite directions to two separate exits unless the dwelling unit has a second and separate means of egress.

(1) A dwelling unit shall be provided with a second and separate means of egress where an egress door from the dwelling unit opens onto,

(a) an exit stairway serving more than one suite,

(b) a public corridor,

(i) serving more than one suite, and

(ii) served by a single exit,

(c) an exterior passageway,

(i) serving more than one suite,

(ii) served by a single exit stairway or ramp, and

(iii) more than 1.5 m above adjacent ground level, or

(d) a balcony,

(i) serving more than one suite,

(ii) served by a single exit stairway or ramp, and

(iii) more than 1.5 m above adjacent ground level.

(1) Except where a door on the same floor level as the bedroom provides direct access to the exterior, every floor level containing a bedroom in a suite shall be provided with at least one outside window that,

(a) is openable from the inside without the use of tools,

(b) provides an individual, unobstructed open portion having a minimum area of 0.35 m² with no dimension less than 380 mm, and

(c) maintains the required opening described in Clause (b) without the need for additional support.

(2) Except for basement areas, the window required in Sentence (1) shall have a maximum sill height of 1 000 mm above the floor.

(3) When sliding windows are used, the minimum dimension described in Sentence (1) shall apply to the openable portion of the window.

(4) Where the sleeping area within a live/work unit is on a mezzanine with no obstructions more than 1 070 mm above the floor, the window required in Sentence (1) may be provided on the main level of the live/work unit provided the mezzanine is not more than 25% of the area of the live/work unit or 20 m2, whichever is less, and an unobstructed direct path of travel is provided from the mezzanine to this window.

(5) Where a window required in Sentence (1) opens into a window well, a clearance of not less than 550 mm shall be provided in front of the window.

(6) Where the sash of a window referred to in Sentence (5) swings towards the window well, the operation of the sash shall not reduce the clearance in a manner that would restrict escape in an emergency.

(7) Where a protective enclosure is installed over the window well referred to in Sentence (5), such enclosure shall be openable from the inside without the use of keys, tools or special knowledge of the opening mechanism.

(1) This Subsection applies to all exits except those serving a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(1) Exits shall be located so as to be clearly visible or their locations shall be clearly indicated.

(2) Where an exit door leading directly to the outside is subject to being obstructed by a parked vehicle or storage because of its location, a visible sign prohibiting such obstructions shall be permanently mounted on the exterior side of the door.

(1) Except as required in Sentence (7), every exit door shall have an exit sign placed over it or adjacent to it if the exit serves,

(a) a building that is 3 storeys in building height,

(b) a building having an occupant load of more than 150, or

(c) a room or floor area that has a fire escape as part of a required means of egress.

(2) Except as required in Sentence (6), every exit sign shall,

(a) be visible on approach to the exit,

(b) consist of a green pictogram and a white or lightly tinted graphical symbol meeting the colour specifications referred to in ISO 3864-1, "Graphical Symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Part 1: Design Principles for Safety Signs and Safety Markings", and

(c) conform to ISO 7010, "Graphical Symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs - Registered Safety Signs", for the following symbols:

(i) E001 emergency exit left,

(ii) E002 emergency exit right,

(iii) E005 90-degree directional arrow, and

(iv) E006 45-degree directional arrow.

(3) Internally illuminated exit signs shall be continuously illuminated, and,

(a) where illumination of the sign is powered by an electrical circuit, be constructed in conformance with CSA C22.2 No. 141, "Emergency Lighting Equipment", or

(b) where illumination of the sign is not powered by an electrical circuit, be,

(i) constructed in conformance with CAN/ULC-S572, "Photoluminescent and Self-Luminous Exit Signs and Path Marking Systems", and

(ii) labelled in accordance with the time duration for which they have been tested and listed.

(4) Externally illuminated exit signs shall be illuminated at all times by a light fixture supplied by an electrical circuit.

(5) The circuitry serving lighting for externally and internally illuminated exit signs shall,

(a) serve no equipment other than emergency lighting in the area where the exit signs are installed, and

(b) be connected to an emergency power supply as described in Sentences 9.9.12.3.(2), (3) and (7).

(6) An exit sign conforming to Clauses (2)(b) and (c) with an arrow or other indicator pointing at the direction of egress shall be provided where no exit is visible from,

(a) a public corridor,

(b) a corridor used by the public, or

(c) a principal route serving an open floor area having an occupant load of more than 150.

(7) Except for suite doors opening directly to the exterior, every exit serving a hotel shall have an exit sign placed over it or adjacent to it.

(1) In buildings that are 3 storeys in building height, any part of an exit ramp or stairway that continues up or down past the lowest exit level shall be clearly marked to indicate that it does not lead to an exit where the portion below exit level may be mistaken as the direction of exit travel.

(1) Arabic numerals indicating the assigned floor number shall be,

(a) except in hotels, mounted permanently on the stair side of the wall at the latch side of doors to exit stair shafts,

(b) in hotels, mounted permanently on each side of the exit doors to the exit stair shaft,

(c) not less than 60 mm high, raised approximately 0.8 mm above the surface,

(d) located 1 500 mm from the finished floor and not more than 300 mm from the door, and

(e) contrasting in colour with the surface on which they are applied.

(1) This Subsection applies to the lighting of all means of egress except those within dwelling units.

(1) Every exit, public corridor or corridor providing access to exit for the public shall be equipped to provide illumination to an average level of not less than 50 lx at floor or tread level and at all points such as angles and intersections at changes of level where there are stairs or ramps.

(2) The minimum value of the illumination required by Sentence (1) shall be not less than 10 1x.

(1) Emergency lighting shall be provided in,

(a) exits,

(b) principal routes providing access to exit in an open floor area,

(c) corridors used by the public,

(d) underground walkways, and

(e) public corridors.

(2) Emergency lighting required in Sentence (1) shall be provided from a source of energy separate from the electrical supply for the building.

(3) Lighting required in Sentence (1) shall be designed to be automatically actuated for a period of not less than 30 min when the electric lighting in the affected area is interrupted.

(4) Illumination from lighting required in Sentence (1) shall be provided to average levels of not less than 10 lx at floor or tread level.

(5) The minimum value of the illumination required by Sentence (4) shall be not less than 1 1x.

(6) Where incandescent lighting is provided, lighting equal to 1 W/m² of floor area shall be considered to meet the requirement in Sentence (4).

(7) Where self-contained emergency lighting units are used, they shall conform to CSA C22.2 No. 141, "Emergency Lighting Equipment".

(1) Where an assembly is required to be of noncombustible construction and to have a fire-resistance rating, it shall be supported by noncombustible construction.

(1) For the purposes of this Section, roofs with slopes of 60° or more to the horizontal and that are adjacent to a room or space intended for occupancy shall be considered as a wall.

(1) Tents, air-supported structures, transformer vaults, walkways, elevators and escalators shall conform to Part 3.

(2) Where rooms or spaces are intended for an assembly occupancy, such rooms or spaces shall conform to Part 3.

(3) Basements containing more than 1 storey or exceeding 600 m2 in area shall conform to Part 3.

(4) Where rooms or spaces are intended for the storage, manufacture or use of hazardous or explosive material, such rooms or spaces shall conform to Part 3.

(5) Reserved

(6) Openings through floors that are not protected by shafts or closures shall be protected in conformance with Subsection 3.2.8.

(7) Chutes and shafts shall conform to Subsection 3.6.3. except where they are contained entirely within a dwelling unit.

(8) Sprinkler systems shall be designed, constructed and installed in conformance with Sentence 3.2.5.7.(1), Articles 3.2.5.13. to 3.2.5.16. and Article 3.2.5.18.

(9) Standpipe and hose systems shall be designed, constructed and installed in conformance with Article 3.2.5.18. and Subsection 3.2.9.

(10) Fire pumps shall be installed in conformance with Articles 3.2.5.18. and 3.2.5.19.

(1) In kitchens containing commercial cooking equipment used in processes producing grease-laden vapours, the equipment shall be designed and installed in conformance with Part 6.

(2) Where fuel-fired appliances are installed on a roof, such appliances shall be installed in conformance with Part 6.

(1) Every building or part of it shall be classified according to its major occupancy as belonging to one of the groups or divisions described in Table 9.10.2.1.

Table 9.10.2.1. Occupancy Classifications

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.10.2.1.(1)**

(1) Except as permitted in Article 9.10.2.4., in any building containing more than 1 major occupancy in which one major occupancy is located entirely above another, the requirements of Article 9.10.8.1. for each portion of the building containing a major occupancy shall be applied to that portion as if the entire building was of that major occupancy.

(1) In a building containing more than 1 major occupancy, where the aggregate area of all major occupancies in a particular group or division does not exceed 10% of the floor area on the storey on which they are located, they need not be considered as major occupancies for the purposes of Articles 9.10.2.3. and 9.10.8.1. provided they are not classified as Group F, Division 2 occupancies.

(1) Where a fire-resistance rating or a fire-protection rating is required in this Section for an element of a building, such rating shall be determined in conformance with the test methods described in Part 3, or in accordance with MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-2, "Fire Performance Ratings", or MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-3, "Fire and Sound Resistance of Building Assemblies".

(1) Where a flame-spread rating is required in this Section for an element of a building, such rating shall be determined in accordance with the test methods described in Part 3, or in accordance with MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-2, "Fire Performance Ratings".

(2) Unless the flame-spread rating is referred to in this Part as a "surface flame-spread rating", it shall apply to any surface of the element being considered that would be exposed by cutting through it as well as to the exposed surface of the element.

(1) Floor, roof and ceiling assemblies shall be rated for exposure to fire on the underside.

(2) Exterior walls shall be rated for exposure to fire from inside the building, except that such walls need not comply with the temperature rise limitations required by the standard tests referred to in Article 9.10.3.1. if such walls have a limiting distance of not less than 1.2 m, and due allowance is made for the effects of heat radiation in accordance with the requirements in Part 3.

(3) Firewalls and interior vertical fire separations required to have fire-resistance ratings shall be rated for exposure to fire on each side.

(1) Where a ceiling construction has a suspended membrane ceiling with lay-in panels or tiles that contribute to the required fire-resistance rating, hold down clips or other means shall be provided to prevent the lifting of such panels or tiles in the event of a fire.

(1) Mezzanines shall not be considered as storeys for the purpose of determining building height where the aggregate area of mezzanine floors does not exceed 10% of,

(a) the suite in which it is located, where there is more than one suite in the storey, or

(b) the storey in which it is located, in all other cases.

(2) Mezzanines shall not be considered as storeys for the purpose of determining building height where they occupy an aggregate area not exceeding 40% of the area of the room or the storey in which they are located provided the space above the mezzanine floor has no visual obstructions more than 1 070 mm above such floors.

(1) Where more than 1 level of mezzanine is provided in a storey, each level additional to the first shall be considered as a storey.

(1) Where a basement is used primarily as a storage garage, the basement is permitted to be considered as a separate building for the purposes of this Section provided the floor above the basement and the exterior walls of the basement above the adjoining ground level are constructed as fire separations of masonry or concrete having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 h.

(1) Rooftop enclosures provided for elevator machinery, stairways or service rooms, used for no purpose other than for service to the building, shall not be considered as a storey in calculating the building height.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentences (2) and (4), a membrane forming part of an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating shall not be pierced by openings into the assembly unless the assembly has been tested and rated for such openings.

(2) A wall or ceiling membrane forming part of an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating is permitted to be pierced by openings for electrical and similar service outlet boxes provided such outlet boxes are tightly fitted.

(3) Where boxes referred to in Sentence (2) are located on both sides of walls required to provide a fire-resistance rating, they shall be offset where necessary to maintain the integrity of the fire separation.

(4) A membrane ceiling forming part of an assembly assigned a fire-resistance rating on the basis of Table 2 of MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-3, "Fire and Sound Resistance of Building Assemblies", is permitted to be pierced by openings leading to ducts within the ceiling space provided the ducts, the amount of openings and their protection conform to Sentence 9.10.13.14.(1) and the requirements in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-2, "Fire Performance Ratings".

(1) Where a building or part of a building is required to be of noncombustible construction, combustible elements shall be limited in conformance with the requirements in Subsection 3.1.5.

(1) Heavy timber construction shall be considered to have a 45 min fire-resistance rating when it is constructed in accordance with the requirements for heavy timber construction in Article 3.1.4.7.

(1) Except as provided in Article 3.2.2.3., structural steel members used in construction required to have a fire-resistance rating shall be protected to provide the required fire-resistance rating.

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Subsection, the fire-resistance ratings of floors and roofs shall conform to Table 9.10.8.1.

Table 9.10.8.1. Fire Resistance Ratings for Structural Members and Assemblies

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.10.8.1.(1)**

(1) Except for roofs that support an occupancy, the requirements in Table 9.10.8.1. for roof assemblies to have a fire-resistance rating are permitted to be waived in sprinklered buildings where,

(a) the sprinkler system is electrically supervised in conformance with Sentence 3.2.4.10.(3), and

(b) the operation of the sprinkler system will cause a signal to be transmitted to the fire department in conformance with Sentence 3.2.4.8.(4).

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Subsection, all loadbearing walls, columns and arches in the storey immediately below a floor or roof assembly shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than that required for the supported floor or roof assembly.

(1) Construction supporting a service room need not conform to Article 9.10.8.3.

(1) Mezzanines required to be counted as storeys in Articles 9.10.4.1. and 9.10.4.2. shall be constructed in conformance with the requirements for "Floors Except Floors over Crawl Spaces" in Table 9.10.8.1.

(1) Where a portion of a roof supports an occupancy, that portion shall be constructed as a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating conforming to the rating for "Floors Except Floors over Crawl Spaces" in Table 9.10.8.1.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), the floor assembly of every exterior passageway used as part of a means of egress shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min or be of noncombustible construction.

(2) No fire-resistance rating is required for floors of exterior passageways serving buildings of Group D, E or F major occupancy that are not more than 2 storeys in building height.

(3) No fire-resistance rating is required for floors of exterior passageways serving,

(a) a house or an individual dwelling unit in a house, or

(b) an individual dwelling unit in a building other than a house where no suite is located above or below the dwelling unit.

(1) Where a crawl space exceeds 1 800 mm in height or is used for any occupancy or as a plenum in combustible construction or for the passage of flue pipes, it shall be considered as a basement in applying the requirements in Article 9.10.8.1.

(1) Table 9.10.8.1. does not apply to houses.

(1) The fire-resistance ratings of floors, roofs, loadbearing walls, columns and arches need not conform to this Subsection if such assemblies conform in all respects to the appropriate requirements in Section 3.2.

(1) This Subsection applies to fire separations required between rooms and spaces in buildings except between rooms and spaces within a dwelling unit.

(1) Except as permitted in Article 9.10.9.3., a wall or floor assembly required to be a fire separation shall be constructed as a continuous barrier against the spread of fire.

(2) The continuity of a fire separation shall be maintained where it abuts another fire separation, a floor, a ceiling, a roof or an exterior wall assembly.

(1) Except as permitted in Articles 9.10.9.5. to 9.10.9.7., openings in required fire separations shall be protected with closures conforming to Subsection 9.10.13.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentences (2) to (4), all floor assemblies shall be constructed as fire separations.

(2) Floor assemblies contained within dwelling units need not be constructed as fire separations.

(3) Floor assemblies for which no fire-resistance rating is required by Subsection 9.10.8. and floors of mezzanines not required to be counted as storeys in Articles 9.10.4.1. and 9.10.4.2. need not be constructed as fire separations.

(4) Where a crawl space is not required by Article 9.10.8.9. to be constructed as a basement, the floor above it need not be constructed as a fire separation.

(1) Except as permitted in Article 9.9.4.7., interconnected floor spaces shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 3.2.8.

(1) Piping, tubing, ducts, chimneys, wiring, conduit, electrical outlet boxes and other similar service equipment that penetrate a required fire separation shall be tightly fitted or fire stopped to maintain the integrity of the separation.

(2) Penetrations of a firewall shall be sealed at the penetration by a fire stop that, when subjected to the fire test method in CAN/ULC-S115, "Fire Tests of Firestop Systems", has an FT rating not less than the fire-resistance rating for the fire separation.

(3) Except as provided in Sentences (4) to (12) and Article 9.10.9.7., pipes, ducts, electrical outlet boxes, totally enclosed raceways or other similar service equipment that partly or wholly penetrate an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating shall be noncombustible unless the assembly has been tested incorporating such equipment.

(4) Electrical wires or other similar wiring enclosed in noncombustible totally enclosed raceways are permitted to partly or wholly penetrate an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating without being incorporated in the assembly at the time of testing as required in Sentence (3).

(5) Single conductor metal-sheathed cables with combustible jacketing that are more than 25 mm in overall diameter are permitted to penetrate a fire separation required to have a fire-resistance rating without being incorporated in the assembly at the time of testing as required in Sentence (3), provided the cables are not grouped and are spaced a minimum of 300 mm apart.

(6) Electrical wires or cables, single or grouped, with combustible insulation or jacketing that is not totally enclosed in raceways of noncombustible material, are permitted to partly or wholly penetrate an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating without being incorporated in the assembly at the time of testing as required in Sentence (3), provided the overall diameter of the wiring is not more than 25 mm.

(7) Combustible totally enclosed raceways that are embedded in a concrete floor slab are permitted in an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating without being incorporated in the assembly at the time of testing as required in Sentence (3), where the concrete provides at least 50 mm of cover between the raceway and the bottom of the slab.

(8) Combustible outlet boxes are permitted in an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating without being incorporated in the assembly at the time of testing as required in Sentence (3), provided the opening through the membrane into the box does not exceed 160 cm².

(9) Combustible water distribution piping is permitted to partly or wholly penetrate a fire separation that is required to have a fire-resistance rating without being incorporated in the assembly at the time of testing as required in Sentence (3), provided the piping is protected with a fire stop in conformance with Sentence 3.1.9.4.(4).

(10) Combustible sprinkler piping is permitted to penetrate a fire separation provided the fire compartments on each side of the fire separation are sprinklered.

(11) Sprinklers are permitted to penetrate a fire separation or a membrane forming part of an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating without having to meet the fire stop requirements of Sentence (1), provided the annular space created by the penetration of a fire sprinkler is covered by a metal escutcheon plate in accordance with NFPA 13, "Installation of Sprinkler Systems".

(12) Combustible piping for central vacuum systems is permitted to penetrate a fire separation provided the installation conforms to the requirements that apply to combustible piping in Sentences 9.10.9.7.(2) to (6).

(13) Fire dampers are permitted to penetrate a fire separation or a membrane forming part of an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating without having to meet the fire stop requirements of Sentence (1), provided the fire damper is,

(a) installed in conformance with NFPA 80, "Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives," or

(b) designed specifically with a fire stop.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentences (2) to (6), combustible piping shall not be used where any part of a piping system partly or wholly penetrates a fire separation required to have a fire-resistance rating or penetrates a membrane that contributes to the required fire-resistance rating of an assembly.

(2) Combustible piping not located in a vertical shaft is permitted to penetrate a fire separation required to have a fire-resistance rating or a membrane that forms part of an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating, provided the piping is sealed at the penetration by a fire stop that has an F rating not less than the fire-resistance rating required for the fire separation.

(3) The rating referred to in Sentence (2) shall be based on CAN/ULC-S115, "Fire Tests of Firestop Systems", with a pressure differential of 50 Pa between the exposed and unexposed sides, with the higher pressure on the exposed side.

(4) Combustible drain piping is permitted to penetrate a horizontal fire separation or a membrane that contributes to the required fire-resistance rating of a horizontal fire separation, provided it leads directly from a noncombustible water closet through a concrete floor slab.

(5) Combustible piping is permitted,

(a) on one side of a vertical fire separation provided it is not located in a vertical shaft, and

(b) to penetrate a vertical or horizontal fire separation when the fire compartment on each side of the fire separation is sprinklered.

(6) In a house containing two dwelling units, combustible piping is permitted on one side of a horizontal fire separation.

(1) Combustible construction that abuts on or is supported by a noncombustible fire separation shall be constructed so that its collapse under fire conditions will not cause collapse of the fire separation.

(1) Where pockets for the support of beams or joists are formed in a masonry or concrete fire separation, the remaining total thickness of solid masonry and/or grout and/or concrete shall be not less than the required equivalent thickness shown for Type S monolithic concrete in Table 2.1.1. of MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-2, "Fire Performance Ratings", for the required fire-resistance rating.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), a horizontal service space or other concealed space located above a required vertical fire separation shall be divided at the fire separation by an equivalent fire separation within the space.

(2) Where a horizontal service space or other concealed space is located above a required vertical fire separation other than a vertical shaft, such space need not be divided as required in Sentence (1) provided the construction between such space and the space below is constructed as a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating not less than that required for the vertical fire separation, except that where the vertical fire separation is not required to have a fire-resistance rating greater than 45 min, the fire-resistance rating of the ceiling is permitted to be reduced to 30 min.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (4), residential occupancies shall be separated from all other major occupancies by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 h.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), a major occupancy classified as a residential occupancy, including live/work units, shall be separated from other major occupancies classified as mercantile or medium hazard industrial occupancies by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 h.

(3) Where not more than 2 dwelling units or live/work units are located in a building containing a mercantile occupancy, such mercantile occupancy shall be separated from the dwelling units or live/work units by a fire separation having not less than 1 h fire-resistance rating.

(4) The requirement for fire separations between major occupancies in Sentence (1) is waived for the occupancies allowed within live/work units.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), not more than 1 suite of residential occupancy shall be contained within a building classified as a Group F, Division 2 major occupancy.

(2) Except where a Group F Division 2 major occupancy is directly related to live/work units, not more than one suite of residential occupancy shall be contained within a building classified as Group F, Division 2 major occupancy.

(1) Except as required in Article 9.10.9.14. and as permitted by Sentence (2), each suite in other than business and personal services occupancies shall be separated from adjoining suites by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min.

(2) In sprinklered buildings, suites of business and personal services occupancy and mercantile occupancy that are served by public corridors conforming with Sentence 3.3.1.4.(4) are not required to be separated from each other by fire separations.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3) and Article 9.10.21.2., suites in residential occupancies shall be separated from adjacent rooms and suites by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min.

(2) Sleeping rooms in boarding, lodging or rooming houses where sleeping accommodation is provided for not more than 8 boarders or lodgers shall be separated from the remainder of the floor area by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 30 min where the sleeping rooms form part of the proprietor's residence and do not contain cooking facilities.

(3) Except as provided in Sentences (4) and (5), dwelling units that contain 2 or more storeys including basements shall be separated from the remainder of the building by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 h.

(4) Except as provided in Sentence (5), dwelling units in a house shall be separated from each other and common areas by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min.

(5) The fire-resistance rating of the fire separation required in Sentence (4) is permitted to be waived where the house is sprinklered.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), public corridors shall be separated from the remainder of the building by a fire separation having not less than a 45 min fire-resistance rating.

(2) In other than residential occupancies, no fire-resistance rating is required for fire separations between a public corridor and the remainder of the building if,

(a) the floor area is sprinklered,

(b) the sprinkler system is electrically supervised in conformance with Sentence 3.2.4.10.(3), and

(c) the operation of the sprinkler system will cause a signal to be transmitted to the fire department in conformance with Sentence 3.2.4.8.(4).

(3) In other than residential occupancies, no fire separation is required between a public corridor and the remainder of the building if,

(a) the floor area is sprinklered,

(b) the sprinkler system is electrically supervised in conformance with Sentence 3.2.4.10.(3),

(c) the operation of the sprinkler system will cause a signal to be transmitted to the fire department in conformance with Sentence 3.2.4.8.(4), and

(d) the corridor exceeds 5 m in width.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), a storage garage shall be separated from other occupancies by a fire separation having not less than a 1.5 h fire-resistance rating.

(2) Except as permitted in Sentence (3), storage garages containing 5 motor vehicles or fewer shall be separated from other occupancies by a fire separation of not less than 1 h.

(3) Where a storage garage serves only the house or the individual dwelling unit it is attached to or built into, it shall be considered as part of that house or dwelling unit and the fire separation required in Sentence (2) need not be provided between the garage and the house or dwelling unit.

(4) Where a storage garage is attached to or built into a building of residential occupancy,

(a) an air barrier system conforming to Subsection 9.25.3. shall be installed between the garage and the remainder of the building to provide an effective barrier to gas and exhaust fumes, and

(b) every door between the garage and the remainder of the building shall conform to Article 9.10.13.15.

(5) Where membrane materials are used to provide the required airtightness in the air barrier system, all joints shall be sealed and structurally supported.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), a repair garage shall be separated from other occupancies by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 h.

(2) Ancillary spaces directly serving a repair garage, including waiting rooms, reception rooms, tool and parts storage areas and supervisory office space, need not be separated from the repair garage but shall be separated from other occupancies as required in Sentence (1).

(3) The fire separation referred to in Sentence (1) shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 h, where,

(a) the building is not more than one storey in building height,

(b) the building is operated as a single suite, and

(c) the only occupancy other than the repair garage is a mercantile occupancy.

(4) Where a building containing a repair garage also contains a dwelling unit, an air barrier system conforming to Subsection 9.25.3. shall be installed between the dwelling unit and the suite containing the garage to provide an effective air barrier to gas and exhaust fumes.

(5) Where membrane materials are used to provide the required airtightness in the air barrier system, all joints shall be sealed and structurally supported.

(1) Where a vertical service space contains an exhaust duct that serves more than one fire compartment, the duct shall have a fan located at or near the exhaust outlet to ensure that the duct is under negative pressure.

(2) Individual fire compartments referred to in Sentence (1) shall not have fans that exhaust directly into the duct in the vertical service space.

(1) Except as permitted by Sentence 9.10.18.7.(1), a central vacuum system shall serve not more than one suite.

(1) This Subsection applies to service rooms in all buildings except rooms located within a dwelling unit.

(1) The fire-resistance rating requirements in this Subsection do not apply to the floor assembly immediately below a service room.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Articles 9.10.10.5. and 9.10.10.6., service rooms shall be separated from the remainder of the building by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 h when the floor area containing the service room is not sprinklered.

(2) Where a room contains a limited quantity of service equipment and the service equipment does not constitute a fire hazard, the requirements in Sentence (1) shall not apply.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3) and Article 9.10.10.5., fuel-fired appliances shall be located in a service room separated from the remainder of the building by a fire separation having not less than a 1 h fire-resistance rating.

(2) Except as required in the appliance installation standards referenced in Sentences 6.2.1.4.(1) and 9.33.1.2.(1), fuel-fired space-heating appliances, space-cooling appliances and service water heaters need not be separated from the remainder of the building as required in Sentence (1) where the equipment serves,

(a) not more than one room or suite,

(b) a house, or

(c) a building, other than a house, with a building area of not more than 400 m² and a building height of not more than 2 storeys.

(3) Sentence (1) does not apply to fireplaces and cooking appliances.

(1) Service rooms containing incinerators shall be separated from the remainder of the building by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 h.

(2) The design, construction, installation and alteration of each indoor incinerator shall conform to NFPA 82, "Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment".

(3) Every incinerator shall be connected to a chimney flue conforming to the requirements in Section 9.21. and serving no other appliance.

(4) An incinerator shall not be located in a room with other fuel-fired appliances.

(1) Rooms for the temporary storage of combustible refuse in all occupancies or for public storage in residential occupancies shall be separated from the remainder of the building by a fire separation having not less than a 1 h fire-resistance rating, except that a 45 min fire separation is permitted where the fire-resistance rating of the floor assembly is not required to exceed 45 min, or where such rooms are sprinklered.

(1) Where a generator intended to supply emergency power for lighting, fire safety and life safety systems is located in a building, it shall be located in a room that,

(a) is separated from the remainder of the building by a fire separation with a fire-resistance rating not less than,

(i) 1 h, if the floor assembly is not required to have a fire-resistance rating of more than 1 h, and

(ii) 2 h, if the floor assembly is required to have a fire-resistance rating of more than 1 h, and

(b) contains only the generating set and equipment that is related to the emergency power supply system.

(1) Except as provided in Articles 9.10.11.2. and 9.10.11.4., a party wall on a property line shall be constructed as a firewall.

(1) A party wall on a property line need not be constructed as a firewall provided it is constructed as a fire separation having not less than a 1 h fire-resistance rating if,

(a) the property line is between houses, or

(b) the property line is between dwelling units in a building of residential occupancy, other than a house, in which there is no dwelling unit above another dwelling unit.

(2) The wall described in Sentence (1) shall provide continuous protection from the top of the footings to the underside of the roof deck.

(3) Any space between the top of the wall described in Sentence (1) and the roof deck shall be tightly filled with mineral wool or noncombustible material.

(1) Where firewalls are used, the requirements in Part 3 shall apply.

(1) Where a garage is detached from the house or the individual dwelling unit it serves but attached to another garage on the adjacent property, the party wall so formed shall be constructed as a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and in Articles 9.10.1.3. and 9.10.9.5., the portions of a floor area or mezzanine that do not terminate at an exterior wall, a firewall or a vertical shaft, shall terminate at a vertical fire separation having a fire-resistance rating not less than that required for the floor assembly that terminates at the separation.

(2) A mezzanine need not terminate at a vertical fire separation where the mezzanine is not required to be considered as a storey in Articles 9.10.4.1. and 9.10.4.2.

(1) Where a wall in a building is exposed to a fire hazard from an adjoining roof of a separate unsprinklered fire compartment in the same building, the roof shall contain no skylights within a horizontal distance of 5 m of the windows in the exposed wall.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.9.4.5., where exterior walls of a building meet at an external angle of less than 135°, the horizontal distance from an opening in one wall to an opening in the other wall shall be not less than 1.2 m where the openings are in different fire compartments.

(2) The exterior wall of each fire compartment referred to in Sentence (1) within the 1.2 m distance, shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that required for the interior vertical fire separation between the compartment and the remainder of the building.

(1) This Article applies to the portion of any soffit enclosing a projection that is,

(a) less than 2.5 m vertically above a window or door, and

(b) less than 1.2 m from either side of the window or door.

(2) Except as provided in Sentences (4) and (5), the soffit described in Sentence (1) shall be protected in accordance with Sentence (3) where the soffit encloses,

(a) a common attic or roof space that spans more than 2 suites of residential occupancy and projects beyond the exterior wall of the building,

(b) a floor space where an upper storey projects beyond the exterior wall of a lower storey and a fire separation is required at the floor between the two storeys, or

(c) a floor space where an upper storey projects beyond the exterior wall of a lower storey, and the projection is continuous across a vertical fire separation separating two suites.

(3) Protection required by Sentence (2) shall be provided by,

(a) noncombustible material having a minimum thickness of 0.38 mm and a melting point not below 650°C,

(b) not less than 12.7 mm thick gypsum soffit board or gypsum wallboard installed according to CSA A82.31-M, "Gypsum Board Application,"

(c) not less than 11 mm thick plywood,

(d) not less than 12.5 mm thick OSB or waferboard, or

(e) not less than 11 mm thick lumber.

(4) In the case of a soffit described in Sentence (1) that is at the edge of an attic or roof space, and completely separated from the remainder of the attic or roof space by fire blocks, the requirements in Sentence (2) do not apply.

(5) Where all suites spanned by a common attic or roof space or situated above or below the projecting floor are sprinklered, the requirements in Sentence (2) do not apply provided that all rooms, including closets and bathrooms, having openings in the wall beneath the soffit are sprinklered, notwithstanding any exceptions in the sprinkler standards referenced in Article 3.2.5.13.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.10.13.2., openings in required fire separations shall be protected with a closure conforming to Table 9.10.13.1. and shall be installed in conformance with NFPA 80, "Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives", unless otherwise specified in this Part.

Table 9.10.13.1. Fire-Protection Ratings for Closures

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.10.13.1.(1)**

(1) See Article 9.10.13.2.

(1) A 45 mm thick solid core wood door is permitted to be used where a minimum fire-protection rating of 20 min is permitted or between a public corridor and a suite provided the door conforms to CAN/ULC-S113, "Wood Core Doors Meeting the Performance Required by CAN/ULC-S104 for Twenty Minute Fire Rated Closure Assemblies".

(2) Doors described in Sentence (1) shall have not more than a 6 mm clearance beneath and not more than 3 mm at the sides and top.

(1) Doors required to provide a 20 min fire-protection rating or permitted to be 45 mm solid core wood shall be mounted in a wood frame of at least 38 mm thickness where the frame has not been tested and rated.

(1) Doors forming part of an exit or a public means of egress shall conform to Subsection 9.9.6. in addition to this Subsection.

(1) Wired glass conforming to Article 9.6.1.2. that has not been tested in accordance with Article 9.10.3.1. is permitted as a closure in a vertical fire separation required to have a fire-resistance rating of not more than 1 h provided such glass is not less than 6 mm thick and is mounted in conformance with Sentence (2).

(2) Wired glass described in Sentence (1) shall be mounted in fixed steel frames having a minimum metal thickness of not less than 1.35 mm and a glazing stop of not less than 20 mm on each side of the glass.

(3) Individual panes of glass described in Sentence (1) shall not exceed 0.8 m² in area or 1.4 m in height or width, and the area of glass not structurally supported by mullions shall not exceed 7.5 m².

(1) Steel door frames forming part of a closure in a fire separation, including anchorage requirements, shall conform to CAN/ULC-S105, "Fire Door Frames Meeting the Performance Required by CAN/ULC-S104".

(1) Glass block that has not been tested in accordance with Article 9.10.3.1. is permitted as a closure in a fire separation required to have a fire-resistance rating of not more than 1 h.

(1) The size of an opening in an interior fire separation, even where protected with a closure, shall not exceed 11 m², with no dimension greater than 3.7 m, if a fire compartment on either side of the fire separation is not sprinklered.

(2) The size of an opening in an interior fire separation, even where protected with a closure, shall not exceed 22 m², with no dimension greater than 6 m, when the fire compartments on both sides of the fire separation are sprinklered.

(1) Every swing type door in a fire separation shall be equipped with a latch.

(1) Except as described in Sentence (2), every door in a fire separation shall have a self-closing device.

(2) Self-closing devices are not required between public corridors and suites in business and personal services occupancies, except in,

(a) dead-end corridors, or

(b) a corridor that serves a hotel.

(1) Where hold-open devices are used on doors in required fire separations, they shall be installed in accordance with Article 3.1.8.12.

(1) Swing-type doors shall open into service rooms containing fuel-fired equipment where such doors lead to public corridors or rooms used for assembly but shall swing outward from such rooms in all other cases.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentences (2) to (5) and Sentence 9.10.5.1.(4), a duct that penetrates an assembly required to be a fire separation with a fire-resistance rating shall be equipped with a fire damper in conformance with Articles 3.1.8.4. and 3.1.8.9.

(2) A fire damper is not required where a noncombustible branch duct pierces a required fire separation provided the duct,

(a) has a melting point not below 760°C,

(b) has a cross-sectional area less than 130 cm², and

(c) supplies only air-conditioning units or combined air-conditioning and heating units discharging air at not more than 1.2 m above the floor.

(3) A fire damper is not required where a noncombustible branch duct pierces a required fire separation around an exhaust duct riser in which the air flow is upward provided,

(a) the melting point of the branch duct is not below 760°C,

(b) the branch duct is carried up inside the riser at least 500 mm, and

(c) the exhaust duct is under negative pressure as described in Article 9.10.9.18.

(4) Noncombustible ducts that penetrate a fire separation separating a vertical service space from the remainder of the building need not be equipped with a fire damper at the fire separation provided,

(a) the ducts have a melting point above 760°C, and

(b) each individual duct exhausts directly to the outside at the top of the vertical service space.

(5) A duct serving commercial cooking equipment and piercing a required fire separation need not be equipped with a fire damper at the fire separation.

(1) Fire stop flaps in ceiling membranes referred to in Sentence 9.10.5.1.(4) shall,

(a) conform to CAN/ULC-S112.2, "Fire Test of Ceiling Firestop Flap Assemblies", and

(b) activate at a temperature approximately 30°C above the normal maximum temperature that occurs in the ducts, whether the air duct system is operating or shut down.

(1) A door between an attached or built-in garage and the house or the individual dwelling unit it serves shall be tight-fitting and weatherstripped to provide an effective barrier against the passage of gases and exhaust fumes and shall be fitted with a self-closing device.

(2) A doorway between an attached or built-in garage and the house or the individual dwelling unit it serves shall not be located in a room intended for sleeping.

(1) Where a door is installed so that it may damage the integrity of a fire separation if its swing is unrestricted, door stops shall be installed to prevent such damage.

(1) Except as permitted in Subsection 9.10.15., this Subsection applies to all buildings.

(1) The area of an exposing building face shall be,

(a) taken as the exterior wall area facing in one direction on any side of a building, and

(b) calculated as,

(i) the total area measured from the finished ground level to the uppermost ceiling, or

(ii) the area for each fire compartment, where a building is divided into fire compartments by fire separations with fire-resistance ratings not less than 45 min.

(2) For the purpose of using Table 9.10.14.4. to determine the maximum aggregate area of unprotected openings permitted in an irregularly-shaped or skewed exterior wall, the location of the exposing building face shall be taken as a vertical plane located so that there are no unprotected openings between the vertical plane and the line to which limiting distance is measured.

(3) For the purpose of using Table 9.10.14.5. to determine the required type of construction, cladding and fire-resistance rating for an irregularly-shaped or skewed exterior wall,

(a) the exposing building face is permitted to be divided into any number of portions and the fire-resistance rating, type of cladding and percentage of unprotected openings limitations is permitted to be determined individually for each portion based on the limiting distance for each portion so divided,

(b) the exposing building face shall be taken as the projection of the exterior wall onto a vertical plane located so that no portion of the exterior wall of the building is between the vertical plane and the line to which the limiting distance is established in Clause (a), and

(c) for the purpose of determining the actual area of unprotected openings permitted in an exterior wall, the unprotected openings shall be projected onto the vertical plane established in Clause (b).

(4) The required limiting distance for an exposing building face is permitted to be measured to a point beyond the property line that is not the centre line of a street, lane or public thoroughfare if,

(a) the owners of the properties on which the limiting distance is measured and the municipality enter into an agreement in which such owners agree that,

(i) each owner covenants that, for the benefit of land owned by the other covenantors, the owner will not construct a building on his or her property unless the limiting distance for exposing building faces in respect of the proposed construction is measured in accordance with the agreement,

(ii) the covenants contained in the agreement are intended to run with the lands, and the agreement shall be binding on the parties and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns,

(iii) the agreement shall not be amended or deleted from title without the consent of the municipality, and

(iv) they will comply with such other conditions as the municipality considers necessary, including indemnification of the municipality by the other parties, and

(b) the agreement referred to in Clause (a) is registered against the title of the properties to which it applies.

(5) Where an agreement referred to in Sentence (4) is registered against the title of a property, the limiting distance for exposing building faces in respect of the construction of any buildings on the property shall be measured to the point referred to in the agreement.

(1) Where there is no fire department or where a fire department is not organized, trained and equipped to meet the needs of the community, the required limiting distance determined from Sentences 9.10.14.4.(2), (5) and (6) and Sentence 9.10.14.5.(6), shall be doubled for a building that is not sprinklered.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (3) to (7) and Sentence 9.10.14.6.(1), the maximum aggregate area of unprotected openings in an exposing building face shall,

(a) conform to Table 9.10.14.4.,

(b) conform to Subsection 3.2.3., or

(c) where the limiting distance is not less than 1.2 m, be equal to or less than,

(i) the limiting distance squared, for residential occupancies, business and personal services occupancies and low hazard industrial occupancies, and

(ii) half the limiting distance squared, for mercantile occupancies and medium hazard industrial occupancies.

Table 9.10.14.4. Maximum Aggregate Area of Unprotected Openings in Exterior Walls

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.10.14.4.(1)**

(2) Except as provided in Sentence 9.10.14.6.(1), openings in a wall having a limiting distance of less than 1.2 m shall be protected by closures, of other than wired glass or glass block, whose fire protection rating is in conformance with the fire-resistance rating required for the wall.

(3) The maximum aggregate area of unprotected openings shall be not more than twice the area determined according to Sentence (1) where the unprotected openings are glazed with,

(a) wired glass in steel frames as described in Article 9.10.13.5., or

(b) glass blocks, as described in Article 9.10.13.7.

(4) Where the building is sprinklered, the maximum aggregate area of unprotected openings shall be not more than twice the area determined according to Sentence (1) provided all rooms, including closets and bathrooms, that are adjacent to the exposing building face and that have unprotected openings are sprinklered, notwithstanding any exemptions in the sprinkler standards referenced in Article 3.2.5.13.

(5) The maximum aggregate area of unprotected openings in an exposing building face of a storage garage need not comply with Sentence (1) where,

(a) all storeys are constructed as open-air storeys, and

(b) the storage garage has a limiting distance of not less than 3 m.

(6) The maximum aggregate area of unprotected openings in an exposing building face of a storey that faces a street and is the same level as the street need not comply with Sentence (1) where the limiting distance is not less than 9 m.

(7) The limits on the area of unprotected openings need not apply to the exposing building face of a detached garage or accessory building facing a house, where,

(a) the detached garage or accessory building serves the house or an individual dwelling unit in the house,

(b) the detached garage or accessory building is located on the same property as the house, and

(c) the house is the only major occupancy on the property.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) to (7), each exposing building face and any exterior wall located above an exposing building face that encloses an attic or roof space shall be constructed in conformance with Table 9.10.14.5. and Subsection 9.10.8.

Table 9.10.14.5. Minimum Construction Requirements for Exposing Building Faces

**Forming Part of Sentences 9.10.14.5.(1) to (3)**

(2) Cladding on exposing building faces and exterior walls located above exposing building faces need not conform to the type of cladding required by Table 9.10.14.5. where,

(a) the exposing building face is constructed with no unprotected openings,

(b) the limiting distance is not less than 0.6 m, and

(c) the cladding,

(i) conforms to Subsection 9.27.12.,

(ii) is installed without furring members over not less than 12.7 mm thick gypsum sheathing or over masonry,

(iii) has a flame-spread rating not more than 25 when tested in accordance with Sentence 3.1.12.1.(2), and

(iv) is not more than 2 mm in thickness exclusive of fasteners, joints and local reinforcements.

(3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), where a garage or accessory building serves a house or an individual dwelling unit in a house and is detached from the house and any other building, the exposing building face,

(a) need not conform to the minimum required fire-resistance rating in Table 9.10.14.5., where the limiting distance is 0.6 m or more,

(b) shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min where the limiting distance is less than 0.6 m, and

(c) need not conform to the type of cladding required in Table 9.10.14.5. regardless of the limiting distance.

(4) The requirements for fire-resistance rating, type of construction and type of cladding need not apply to the exposing building faces of a house and a detached garage or accessory building that face each other, where,

(a) the detached garage or accessory building serves the house or an individual dwelling unit in the house,

(b) the detached garage or accessory building is located on the same property as the house, and

(c) the house is the only major occupancy on the property.

(5) Except for houses, combustible projections on the exterior of a wall that are more than 1 000 mm above ground level, such as balconies, platforms, canopies, eave projections and stairs, and that could expose an adjacent building to fire spread, shall not be permitted within,

(a) 1.2 m of a property line or the centre line of a public way, or

(b) 2.4 m of a combustible projection on another building on the same property.

(6) Heavy timber and steel columns need not conform to the requirements of Sentence (1) provided the limiting distance is not less than 3 m.

(7) Non-loadbearing wall components need not have a minimum fire-resistance rating where,

(a) the building is 1 storey in building height,

(b) the building is of noncombustible construction,

(c) the building is classified as low hazard industrial occupancy and is used only for low fire load occupancies such as power generating plants or plants for the manufacture or storage of noncombustible materials, and

(d) the exposing building face has a limiting distance of 3 m or more.

(1) An opening in an exposing building face not more than 130 cm2 shall not be considered an unprotected opening.

(1) This Subsection applies to houses that are not designed in accordance with Subsection 9.10.14.

(1) The area of an exposing building face shall be,

(a) taken as the exterior wall area facing in one direction on any side of a house, and

(b) calculated as,

(i) the total area measured from the finished ground level to the uppermost ceiling,

(ii) the area for each fire compartment where a house is divided into fire compartments by fire separations with fire-resistance ratings not less than 45 min, or

(iii) where Table 9.10.15.4. is used to determine maximum area of glazed openings, the area of any number of individual vertical portions of the wall measured from the finished ground level to the uppermost ceiling.

(2) For the purpose of using Table 9.10.15.4. to determine the maximum permitted area of glazed openings in an irregularly-shaped or skewed exterior wall, the location of the exposing building face shall be taken as a vertical plane located so that there are no glazed openings between the vertical plane and the line to which the limiting distance is measured.

(3) In determining the required cladding-sheathing assembly and fire-resistance rating for an irregularly-shaped or skewed exterior wall, the location of the exposing building face shall be taken as a vertical plane located so that no portion of the actual exposing building face is between the vertical plane and the line to which the limiting distance is measured.

(4) The required limiting distance for an exposing building face is permitted to be measured to a point beyond the property line that is not the centre line of a street, lane or public thoroughfare if,

(a) the owners of the properties on which the limiting distance is measured and the municipality enter into an agreement in which such owners agree that,

(i) each owner covenants that, for the benefit of land owned by the other covenantors, the owner will not construct a building on his or her property unless the limiting distance for exposing building faces in respect of the proposed construction is measured in accordance with the agreement,

(ii) the covenants contained in the agreement are intended to run with the lands, and the agreement shall be binding on the parties and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns,

(iii) the agreement shall not be amended or deleted from title without the consent of the municipality, and

(iv) they will comply with such other conditions as the municipality considers necessary, including indemnification of the municipality by the other parties, and

(b) the agreement referred to in Clause (a) is registered against the title of the properties to which it applies.

(5) Where an agreement referred to in Sentence (4) is registered against the title of a property, the limiting distance for exposing building faces in respect of the construction of any buildings on the property shall be measured to the point referred to in the agreement.

(1) Where there is no fire department or where a fire department is not organized, trained and equipped to meet the needs of the community, the required limiting distance determined from Sentences 9.10.15.4.(2) and (5) and Sentence 9.10.15.5.(6), shall be doubled for a building that is not sprinklered.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (3) to (5), the maximum area of glazed openings in an exposing building face shall,

(a) conform to Table 9.10.15.4.,

(b) conform to Subsection 3.2.3. as if the glazed openings were unprotected openings, or

(c) where the limiting distance is not less than 1.2 m, be equal to or less than the limiting distance squared.

Table 9.10.15.4. Maximum Area of Glazed Openings in Exterior Walls of Houses

**Forming Part of Sentences 9.10.15.4.(1) and (2)**

(2) Where the limits on the area of glazed openings are determined for individual portions of the exterior wall, as described in Subclause 9.10.15.2.(1)(b)(iii), the maximum aggregate area of glazed openings for any portion shall not exceed the values in the row of Table 9.10.15.4. for the total area of the entire exposing building face based on the limiting distance of the individual portion.

(3) The limits on the area of glazed openings shall not apply to the exposing building face of a house facing a detached garage or accessory building, where,

(a) the detached garage or accessory building serves the house or an individual dwelling unit in the house,

(b) the detached garage or accessory building is located on the same property as the house, and

(c) the house is the only major occupancy on the property.

(4) Except as provided in Sentence (5), openings in a wall having a limiting distance of less than 1.2 m shall be protected by closures, of other than wired glass or glass block, whose fire-protection rating is in conformance with the fire-resistance rating required for the wall.

(5) An opening in an exposing building face not more than 130 cm2 shall not be considered an unprotected opening.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) to (4) and (6), each exposing building face and any exterior wall located above an exposing building face that encloses an attic or roof space shall be constructed in conformance with Subsection 9.10.8.,

(a) for the exposing building face as a whole, or

(b) for any number of separate portions of the exposing building face.

(2) Sentence (1) does not apply where,

(a) the limiting distance is not less than 1.2 m,

(b) the limiting distance is less than 1.2 m but not less than 0.6 m, provided that the exposing building face has a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min, or

(c) the limiting distance is less than 0.6 m, provided that the exposing building face has a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min and is clad with noncombustible material.

(3) Where the limiting distance is less than 0.6 m, cladding on the exposing building face and on exterior walls located above the exposing building face that enclose an attic or roof spaces need not be noncombustible, provided the cladding,

(a) conforms to Subsection 9.27.12.,

(b) is installed without furring members over not less than 12.7 mm thick gypsum sheathing or over masonry,

(c) has a flame-spread rating not more than 25 when tested in accordance with Sentence 3.1.12.1.(2), and

(d) is not more than 2 mm in thickness exclusive of fasteners, joints and local reinforcements.

(4) The requirements for fire-resistance rating, type of construction and type of cladding need not apply to the exposing building faces of a house and a detached garage or accessory building that face each other, where,

(a) the detached garage or accessory building serves the house or an individual dwelling unit in the house,

(b) the detached garage or accessory building is located on the same property as the house, and

(c) the house is the only major occupancy on the property.

(5) Except for houses, combustible projections on the exterior of a wall that are more than 1 000 mm above ground level, such as balconies, platforms, canopies, eave projections and stairs, and that could expose an adjacent building to fire spread, shall not be permitted within,

(a) 1.2 m of a property line or the centre line of a public way, or

(b) 2.4 m of a combustible projection on another building on the same property.

(6) Heavy timber and steel columns need not conform to the requirements of Sentence (1) provided the limiting distance is not less than 3 m.

(1) Concealed spaces in interior walls, ceilings, floors and crawl spaces shall be separated by fire blocks from concealed spaces in exterior walls and attic or roof spaces.

(2) Fire blocks shall be provided at all interconnections between concealed vertical and horizontal spaces in interior coved ceilings, drop ceilings and soffits where the exposed construction materials within the concealed spaces have a surface flame-spread rating greater than 25.

(3) Fire blocks shall be provided at the top and bottom of each stair where the stair passes through a floor containing concealed space in which the exposed construction materials within the space have a surface flame-spread rating greater than 25.

(4) Unsprinklered concealed spaces of combustible construction created by a ceiling, roof space or unoccupied attic space shall be separated by fire blocks into,

(a) compartments having no dimension greater than 60 m, if such space contains exposed construction materials having a surface flame-spread rating of 25 or less, and

(b) compartments of not more than 300 m² in area, if such space contains exposed construction materials having a surface flame-spread rating greater than 25.

(5) No dimension of the compartment described in Clause (4)(b) shall exceed 20 m.

(6) Concealed spaces in mansard or gambrel style roofs, exterior cornices, balconies and canopies of combustible construction in which the exposed construction materials within the space have a surface flame-spread rating exceeding 25 shall have vertical fire blocks at intervals of not more than 20 m and at points where such concealed spaces extend across the ends of required vertical fire separations.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), fire blocks shall be provided to block off concealed spaces within wall assemblies, including spaces created by furring,

(a) at each floor level,

(b) at each ceiling level where the ceiling contributes to part of the required fire-resistance rating, and

(c) at other locations within the wall, so that the distance between fire blocks does not exceed 20 m horizontally and 3 m vertically.

(2) Fire blocks required in Sentence (1) need not be provided, if,

(a) the insulated wall assembly contains not more than one concealed air space and the horizontal thickness of that air space is not more than 25 mm,

(b) the exposed construction materials within the space are noncombustible, or

(c) the exposed construction materials within the space, including insulation, but not including wiring, piping or similar services, have a flame-spread rating of not more than 25.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentences (2) and (3), fire blocks shall be constructed of materials that will remain in place and prevent the passage of flames for not less than 15 min when subjected to the standard fire exposure in CAN/ULC-S101, "Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials".

(2) Fire blocks are deemed to comply with Sentence (1), if they are constructed of not less than,

(a) 0.38 mm sheet steel,

(b) 12.7 mm gypsum wallboard,

(c) 12.5 mm plywood, OSB or waferboard, with joints having continuous supports,

(d) 2 layers of 19 mm lumber with joints staggered, or

(e) 38 mm lumber.

(3) In a building permitted to be of combustible construction, semi-rigid fibre insulation board produced from glass, rock or slag, is permitted to be used to block the vertical space in a double-frame wall assembly formed at the intersection of the floor assembly and the walls, provided the width of the vertical space is not more than 25 mm and the insulation board,

(a) has a density not less than 45 kg/m3,

(b) is securely fastened to one set of studs,

(c) extends from below the bottom of the top plates in the lower storey to above the top of the bottom plate in the upper storey, and

(d) completely fills the nominal gap of 25 mm between the headers and between the wall plates.

(1) Where fire blocks are pierced by pipes, ducts or other elements, the effectiveness of the fire blocks shall be maintained around such elements.

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Subsection, the exposed surface of every interior wall and ceiling, including skylights and glazing, shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 150.

(2) Except as permitted in Sentence (3), doors need not conform to Sentence (1) provided they have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 200.

(3) Doors within dwelling units, other than vehicle garage doors, need not conform to Sentences (1) and (2).

(1) At least 90% of the exposed surface of every ceiling in an exit or unsprinklered ceiling in a public corridor shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 25.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), at least 90% of the exposed surfaces of every wall in an exit shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 25.

(2) At least 75% of the wall surface of a lobby used as an exit in Article 9.9.8.5. shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 25.

(1) Where an exterior exit passageway provides the only means of egress from the rooms or suites it serves, the wall and ceiling finishes of that passageway, including the soffit beneath and the guard on the passageway, shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 25, except that up to 10% of the total wall area and 10% of the total ceiling area is permitted to have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 150.

(1) At least 90% of the total wall surface in any unsprinklered public corridor shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 75, or at least 90% of the upper half of such walls shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 25.

(1) Skylights, glazing, combustible doors, and combustible light diffusers and lenses shall not be considered in the calculation of wall and ceiling areas in this Subsection.

(1) Where a public corridor or a corridor used by the public contains an occupancy, the interior finish materials used on the walls or ceiling of such occupancy shall have a surface flame-spread rating in conformance with that required for public corridors.

(1) Light diffusers and lenses having flame-spread ratings that exceed those permitted for the ceiling finish, shall conform to the requirements of Sentence 3.1.13.4.(1).

(1) Individual combustible skylights in corridors required to be separated from the remainder of the building by fire separations shall not exceed 1 m² in area and shall be spaced not less than 1.2 m apart.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (4), foamed plastics that form part of a wall or ceiling assembly shall be protected from adjacent space in the building, other than adjacent concealed spaces within attic or roof spaces, crawl spaces, wall assemblies and ceiling assemblies, by any of the following:

(a) one of the finishes described in Subsections 9.29.4. to 9.29.9.,

(b) provided the building does not contain a Group C major occupancy, sheet metal that,

(i) is mechanically fastened to the supporting assembly independent of the insulation,

(ii) is not less than 0.38 mm thick, and

(iii) has a melting point not less than 650°C, or

(c) any thermal barrier that meets the requirements of Sentence 3.1.5.15.(2).

(2) A walk-in cooler or freezer consisting of factory-assembled wall, floor or ceiling panels containing foamed plastics is permitted to be used, provided the panels,

(a) are protected on both sides by sheet metal not less than 0.38 mm thick having a melting point not less than 650°C,

(b) do not contain an air space, and

(c) have a flame-spread rating that is not more than that permitted for the room or space in which they are located or that they bound.

(3) The flame-spread rating of panels required in Clause (2)(c) shall be determined by subjecting a sample panel with an assembled joint typical of field installation to the applicable test described in Subsection 3.1.12.

(4) Thermosetting foamed plastic insulation having a flame-spread rating of not more than 200 is permitted to be used in factory-assembled doors in storage garages serving buildings of residential occupancy provided that,

(a) the insulation is covered on the interior with a metallic foil,

(b) the assembly has a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 200, and

(c) the assembly incorporates no air spaces.

(1) The interior finish of walls and ceilings in bathrooms within suites of residential occupancy shall have a surface flame-spread rating of not more than 200.

(1) Where a covering or a lining is used with a duct, such lining or covering shall have a flame-spread rating conforming to Part 6.

(1) Where access is provided through a firewall, the requirements in this Subsection shall apply to the floor areas on both sides of the firewall as if they were in the same building.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), a fire alarm system shall be installed,

(a) in every building that contains more than 3 storeys, including storeys below the first storey,

(b) where the total occupant load exceeds 300, or

(c) when the occupant load for any major occupancy in Table 9.10.18.2. is exceeded.

(2) A fire alarm system is not required in a residential occupancy where an exit or public corridor serves not more than 4 suites or where each suite has direct access to an exterior exit facility leading to ground level.

Table 9.10.18.2. Maximum Occupant Load for Buildings without Fire Alarm Systems

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.10.18.2.(1)**

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), fire alarm, fire detection and smoke detection devices and systems, and their installation, shall conform to Subsection 3.2.4. and Articles 3.2.7.8. and 3.2.7.10.

(2) Articles 3.2.4.1., 3.2.4.11., 3.2.4.12., 3.2.4.13., 3.2.4.14., 3.2.4.22. and 3.2.4.23. do not apply to Part 9 buildings.

(1) Where a fire alarm system is required, every public corridor in buildings of residential occupancy and every exit stair shaft shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), if a fire alarm system is required in a building, fire detectors shall be installed in the following spaces:

(a) storage rooms not within dwelling units,

(b) service rooms not within dwelling units,

(c) janitors' rooms,

(d) rooms in which hazardous substances are to be used or stored,

(e) elevator hoistways, chutes and dumbwaiter shafts, and

(f) laundry rooms in buildings of residential occupancy, except those within dwelling units.

(3) Except as required in Sentence (4), heat detectors and smoke detectors described in Sentence (2), are not required in dwelling units or in sprinklered buildings in which the sprinkler system is electrically supervised and equipped with a water flow alarm.

(4) Where a fire alarm system is required in a hotel, heat detectors shall be installed in every room in a suite and in every room not located in a suite in a floor area containing a hotel, other than washrooms within a suite, saunas, refrigerated areas and swimming pools.

(1) Except for a recirculating air system serving not more than one dwelling unit, where a fire alarm system is required to be installed, every recirculating air handling system shall be designed to prevent the circulation of smoke upon a signal from a duct-type smoke detector where such system supplies more than one suite on the same floor or serves more than 1 storey.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), where a vertical fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of at least 1 h separates a portion of a building from the remainder of the building and there are no openings through the fire separation other than those for piping, tubing, wiring and conduit, the requirements for fire alarm and detection systems is permitted to be applied to each portion so separated as if it were a separate building.

(2) The permission in Sentence (1) to consider separated portions of a building as separate buildings does not apply to service rooms and storage rooms.

(1) A central vacuum cleaning system serving more than one suite or storey in a building equipped with a fire alarm system shall be designed to shut down upon activation of the fire alarm system.

(1) Except as required in Article 9.10.18.1., a fire alarm system is not required in a storage garage conforming to Article 3.2.2.83. provided there are no other occupancies in the building.

(1) If a fire alarm system is required in a building containing a hotel, a single stage fire alarm system shall be provided.

(1) Where fire protection and life safety systems, and systems with fire protection and life safety functions, are integrated with each other, the systems shall be tested as a whole in accordance with CAN/ULC-S1001, "Integrated Systems Testing of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems", to verify that the systems have been properly integrated.

(2) Sentence (1) does not apply to a building that contains only dwelling units and has no dwelling unit above another dwelling unit.

(1) Except as permitted in Article 9.10.19.8., smoke alarms conforming to CAN/ULC-S531, "Smoke Alarms", shall be installed in,

(a) each dwelling unit,

(b) each sleeping room not within a dwelling unit, and

(c) each interior shared means of egress and common area in a house.

(2) Smoke alarms required in Sentence (1) shall have a visual signalling component conforming to the requirements in 18.5.3. (Light, Color and Pulse Characteristics) of NFPA 72, "National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code".

(3) The visual signalling component required in Sentence (2) need not,

(a) be integrated with the smoke alarm provided it is interconnected to it,

(b) be on battery backup, or

(c) have synchronized flash rates, when installed in a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(4) The luminous intensity for visual signalling components required in Sentence (2) that are installed in sleeping rooms shall be a minimum of 175 cd.

(5) Smoke alarms required in Sentence (1) shall be installed on or near the ceiling.

(1) The sound patterns of smoke alarms shall,

(a) meet the temporal patterns of alarm signals, or

(b) be a combination of temporal pattern and voice relay.

(1) Except as permitted in Article 9.10.19.8., within dwelling units, sufficient smoke alarms shall be installed so that,

(a) there is at least one smoke alarm installed on each storey, including basements, and

(b) on any storey of a dwelling unit containing sleeping rooms, a smoke alarm is installed,

(i) in each sleeping room, and

(ii) in a location between the sleeping rooms and the remainder of the storey, and if the sleeping rooms are served by a hallway, the smoke alarm shall be located in the hallway.

(2) Except as permitted in Article 9.10.19.8., within a house that contains an interior shared means of egress or common area, a smoke alarm shall be installed in each shared means of egress and common area.

(3) A smoke alarm required in Sentences (1) and (2) shall be installed in conformance with CAN/ULC-S553, "Installation of Smoke Alarms".

(4) A smoke alarm required in Sentences (1) and (2) shall have a visual signalling component conforming to the requirements in 18.5.3. (Light, Color and Pulse Characteristics) of NFPA 72, "National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code".

(5) The visual signalling component required in Sentence (4) need not,

(a) be integrated with the smoke alarm provided it is interconnected to it,

(b) be on battery backup, or

(c) have synchronized flash rates, when installed in a house or an individual dwelling unit.

(6) The luminous intensity for visual signalling components required in Sentence (4) that are installed in sleeping rooms shall be a minimum of 175 cd.

(7) Smoke alarms required in Sentences (1) and (2) shall be installed on or near the ceiling.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), smoke alarms required in Sentences 9.10.19.1.(1) and 9.10.19.3.(2) shall,

(a) be installed with permanent connections to an electrical circuit,

(b) have no disconnect switch between the overcurrent device and the smoke alarm, and

(c) in case the regular power supply to the smoke alarm is interrupted, be provided with a battery as an alternative power source that can continue to provide power to the smoke alarm for a period of not less than 7 days in the normal condition, followed by 4 min of alarm.

(2) Where the building is not supplied with electrical power, smoke alarms are permitted to be battery operated.

(3) Suites of residential occupancy are permitted to be equipped with smoke detectors in lieu of smoke alarms, provided the smoke detectors,

(a) are capable of independently sounding audible signals within the individual suites,

(b) except as provided by Sentence (4), are installed in conformance with CAN/ULC-S524, "Installation of Fire Alarm Systems", and

(c) form part of the fire alarm system.

(4) Smoke detectors permitted to be installed in lieu of smoke alarms as provided in Sentence (3) are permitted to sound localized alarms within individual suites, and need not sound an alarm throughout the rest of the building.

(1) Where more than one smoke alarm is required in a dwelling unit, the smoke alarms shall be wired so that the activation of one alarm will cause all alarms within the dwelling unit to sound.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), a manually operated device shall be incorporated within the circuitry of a smoke alarm installed in a house or an individual dwelling unit so that the signal emitted by the smoke alarm can be silenced for a period of not more than 10 min, after which the smoke alarm will reset and sound again if the level of smoke in the vicinity is sufficient to reactuate it.

(2) Suites of residential occupancy equipped with smoke detectors installed to CAN/ULC-S524, "Installation of Fire Alarm Systems", which are part of the fire alarm system in lieu of smoke alarms as permitted in Sentence 9.10.19.4.(3), need not incorporate the manually operated device required in Sentence (1).

(1) Where instructions are necessary to describe the maintenance and care required for smoke alarms to ensure continuing satisfactory performance, they shall be posted in a location where they will be readily available to the occupants for reference.

(1) Except where a fire alarm system is installed or required in a building, smoke detectors forming part of a residential fire warning system installed in conformance with CAN/ULC-S540 "Residential Fire and Life Safety Warning Systems: Installation, Inspection, Testing and Maintenance", are permitted to be installed in lieu of all smoke alarms required by Articles 9.10.19.1. and 9.10.19.3., provided that the fire warning system,

(a) is capable of sounding audible signals in accordance with Articles 9.10.19.2. and 9.10.19.5.,

(b) is powered in accordance with Article 9.10.19.4., and

(c) is equipped with a silencing device conforming to Article 9.10.19.6.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (3), a window or access panel providing an opening not less than 1 100 mm high and 550 mm wide and having a sill height of not more than 900 mm above the floor shall be provided on the second and third storeys of every building in at least one wall facing on a street if such storeys are not sprinklered.

(2) Access panels required in Sentence (1) shall be readily openable from both inside and outside or be glazed with plain glass.

(3) Access panels required in Sentence (1) need not be provided in houses.

(1) Except in basements of houses, each unsprinklered basement exceeding 25 m in length or width shall be provided with direct access to the outdoors to at least one street.

(2) Access required in Sentence (1) is permitted to be provided by a door, window or other means that provides an opening not less than 1 100 mm high and 550 mm wide, the sill height of which shall not be more than 900 mm above the floor.

(3) Access required in Sentence (1) is also permitted to be provided by an interior stair accessible from the outdoors.

(1) Access for fire department equipment shall be provided to each building by means of a street, private roadway or yard.

(2) Where access to a building as required in Sentence (1) is provided by means of a roadway or yard, the design and location of such roadway or yard shall take into account connection with public thoroughfares, weight of firefighting equipment, width of roadway, radius of curves, overhead clearance, location of fire hydrants, location of fire department connections and vehicular parking.

(1) Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in all buildings, except within dwelling units, in conformance with the provisions of the Fire Code made under the Fire Protection and Prevention Act, 1997.

(1) Equipment forming part of a fire protection system that may be adversely affected by freezing temperatures and that is located in an unheated area shall be protected from freezing.

(1) Except as provided in Articles 9.10.21.2. to 9.10.21.9., camps for housing of workers shall conform to Subsections 9.10.1. to 9.10.20.

(1) Except for sleeping rooms within dwelling units, sleeping rooms in a building in a camp for housing of workers shall be separated from each other and from the remainder of the building by a fire separation having not less than a 30 min fire-resistance rating.

(1) Except in a dwelling unit, a floor assembly in a building in a camp for housing of workers separating the first storey and the second storey shall be constructed as a fire separation having not less than a 30 min fire-resistance rating.

(1) Walkways of combustible construction connecting buildings shall be separated from each connected building by a fire separation having not less than a 45 min fire-resistance rating.

(1) Buildings in a camp for housing of workers shall be separated from each other by a distance of not less than 10 m unless otherwise permitted in Subsection 9.10.14.

(1) Except in dwelling units and except as provided in Sentence (2), the surface flame-spread rating of wall and ceiling surfaces in corridors and walkways, exclusive of doors, shall not exceed 25 over not less than 90 per cent of the exposed surface area and not more than 150 over the remaining surface area.

(2) Except within dwelling units, corridors that provide access to exit from sleeping rooms and that have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 45 min shall have a flame-spread rating conforming to the appropriate requirements in Subsection 9.10.17.

(1) Except in dwelling units, corridors providing access to exit from sleeping rooms in every building in a camp for housing of workers with sleeping accommodation for more than 10 persons shall have a smoke detector connected to the building alarm system.

(1) Each building in a camp for housing of workers shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers in conformance with the provisions of the Fire Code made under the Fire Protection and Prevention Act, 1997.

(1) Every building in a camp for housing of workers providing sleeping accommodation for more than 30 persons shall be provided with a hose station that is protected from freezing and equipped with a hose of sufficient length so that every portion of the building is within the range of a hose stream.

(2) Hose stations required in Sentence (1) shall be located near an exit.

(3) Hoses referred to in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 19 mm inside diam and shall be connected to a central water supply or to a storage tank having a capacity of at least 4 500 L with a pumping system capable of supplying a flow of at least 5 L/s at a gauge pressure of 300 kPa.

(1) Reserved

(2) Clearances for and protection around gas, propane and electric ranges shall be not less than those provided in Articles 9.10.22.2. and 9.10.22.3.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), framing, finishes and cabinetry installed directly above the location of the cooktop shall be not less than 750 mm above the level of cooktop burners or elements.

(2) The vertical clearance described in Sentence (1) for framing, finishes and cabinets located directly above the location of the cooktop is permitted to be reduced to 600 mm above the level of the elements or burners provided the framing, finishes and cabinets,

(a) are noncombustible, or

(b) are protected by a metal hood with a 125 mm projection beyond the framing, finishes and cabinets.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), combustible wall framing, finishes or cabinets within 450 mm of the area where the cooktop is to be located shall be protected above the level of the heating elements or burners by material providing fire resistance not less than that of a 9.5 mm thickness of gypsum board.

(2) Countertop splash boards or back plates that extend above the level of the heating elements or burners need not be protected as described in Sentence (1).

(3) Except for cabinetry described in Article 9.10.22.2., cabinetry located not less than 450 mm above the level of the heating elements or burners need not be protected as described in Sentence (1).

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), a dwelling unit and a suite in hotels shall be separated from every other space in a building in which noise may be generated by,

(a) a separating assembly and adjoining construction, which, together, provide an apparent sound transmission class rating of not less than 47, or

(b) a separating assembly that provides a sound transmission class rating of at least 50 and adjoining construction that conforms to Article 9.11.1.4.

(2) Construction separating a dwelling unit or suite in a hotel from an elevator shaft or refuse chute shall have an STC rating of at least 55.

(1) The STC ratings shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E413, "Classification for Rating Sound Insulation", using the results from measurements carried out in accordance with ASTM E90, "Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements".

(2) The ASTC ratings shall be,

(a) determined in accordance with ASTM E413, "Classification for Rating Sound Insulation", using the results from measurements carried out in accordance with ASTM E336, "Measurement of Airborne Sound Attenuation between Rooms in Buildings", or

(b) calculated in accordance with Article 5.8.1.4. or Article 5.8.1.5.

(1) Compliance with the required STC ratings shall be demonstrated through,

(a) measurements carried out in accordance with Sentence 9.11.1.2.(1), or

(b) the construction of separating assemblies conforming to Table 1 or 2 of MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-3, "Fire and Sound Resistance of Building Assemblies", as applicable.

(2) Compliance with the required ASTC ratings shall be demonstrated through,

(a) measurements or calculations carried out in accordance with Sentence 9.11.1.2.(2), or

(b) the construction of separating assemblies conforming to Table 1 or 2 of MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-3, "Fire and Sound Resistance of Building Assemblies", as applicable, that have an STC rating of not less than 50 in conjunction with flanking assemblies constructed in accordance with Article 9.11.1.4.

(1) This Article applies where the required protection is provided in accordance with Clause 9.11.1.1.(1)(b) and compliance is demonstrated in accordance with Clause 9.11.1.3.(2)(b).

(2) Flanking wall assemblies connected to a separating floor or ceiling assembly shall be constructed with,

(a) concrete or concrete block having a mass per area greater than 200 kg/m2 , or

(b) gypsum board finish that,

(i) is supported on wood or steel framing, and

(ii) ends or is interrupted where it meets the structure of the separating floor or ceiling assembly.

(3) Flanking wall and ceiling assemblies connected to a separating wall assembly shall be constructed with,

(a) concrete or concrete block having a mass per area greater than 300 kg/m2, or

(b) gypsum board finish that,

(i) is supported on wood or steel framing, and

(ii) ends or is interrupted where it meets the structure of the separating wall assembly or, for double-stud walls, where it meets the space between the two lines of studs.

(4) Flanking floor assemblies connected to a separating wall assembly shall be,

(a) constructed,

(i) with concrete having a mass per area greater than 300 kg/m2 , or

(ii) in accordance with Section 9.16., or

(b) supported on joists or trusses that are not continuous across the junction and are covered with floor treatments in accordance with Table 9.11.1.4. for the applicable wall construction.

Table 9.11.1.4. Floor Treatments for Flanking Wood-Framed Floor Assemblies in Horizontally Adjoining Spaces

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.11.1.4.(4)**

(1) The topsoil and vegetable matter in all unexcavated areas under a building shall be removed.

(2) In localities where termite infestation is known to be a problem, all stumps, roots and other wood debris shall be removed from the soil to a depth of not less than 300 mm in unexcavated areas under a building.

(3) The bottom of every excavation shall be free of all organic material.

(1) Excavations shall be kept free of standing water.

(1) The bottom of excavations shall be kept from freezing throughout the entire construction period.

(1) Every excavation shall be undertaken in such a manner to prevent damage to adjacent property, existing structures, utilities, roads and sidewalks at all stages of construction.

(2) Material shall not be placed nor shall equipment be operated or placed in or adjacent to an excavation in a manner that may endanger the integrity of the excavation or its supports.

(1) Excavations for foundations shall extend to undisturbed soil.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (4) to (7), the minimum depth of foundations below finished ground level shall conform to Table 9.12.2.2.

Table 9.12.2.2. Minimum Depths of Foundations

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.12.2.2.(1)**

(1) Foundation not insulated to reduce heat loss through the footings.

(2) Including foundations containing heated space insulated to reduce heat loss through the footings.

(3) Good soil drainage to not less than the depth of frost penetration.

(2) Where a foundation is insulated in a manner that will reduce the heat flow to the soil beneath the footings, the foundation depth shall conform to that required for foundations containing no heated space.

(3) The minimum depth of foundations for exterior concrete steps with more than 2 risers shall conform to Sentences (1), (2) and (5).

(4) Concrete steps with 1 and 2 risers are permitted to be laid on ground level.

(5) The foundation depths required in Sentence (1) are permitted to be decreased where experience with local soil conditions shows that lesser depths are satisfactory, or where the foundation is designed for lesser depths.

(6) The foundation depths required in Sentence (1) do not apply to foundations for,

(a) buildings,

(i) that are not of masonry or masonry veneer construction, and

(ii) whose superstructure conforms with the requirements of the deformation resistance test in CSA Z240.2.1, "Structural Requirements for Manufactured Homes", or

(b) accessory buildings,

(i) that are not of masonry or masonry veneer construction,

(ii) not more than 1 storey in building height,

(iii) not more than 55 m² in building area, and

(iv) where the distance from the finished ground to the underside of the floor joists is not more than 600 mm.

(7) The foundation depths required in Sentence (1) do not apply to foundations for decks and other accessible exterior platforms,

(a) that are of not more than 1 storey,

(b) that are not more than 55 m² in area,

(c) where the distance from the finished ground to the underside of the floor joists is not more than 600 mm,

(d) that are not supporting a roof, and

(e) that are not attached to another structure, unless it can be demonstrated that differential movement will not adversely affect the performance of that structure.

(1) Backfill shall be placed to avoid damaging the foundation wall, the drainage tile, drainage layer, externally applied thermal insulation, waterproofing and dampproofing of the wall.

(1) Backfill shall be graded to prevent drainage towards the foundation after settling.

(1) Backfill within 600 mm of the foundation shall be free of deleterious debris and boulders larger than 250 mm diam.

(2) Except as permitted in Sentence (3), backfill shall not contain pyritic material or material that is susceptible to ice lensing in concentrations that will damage the building to a degree that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments.

(3) Backfill with material of any concentration that is susceptible to ice lensing is permitted where foundation walls are cast-in-place concrete, concrete block insulated on the exterior or concrete block protected from the backfill by a material that serves as a slip plane.

(1) Where the height of foundation wall is such that lateral support is required, or where the required concrete strength of the wall has not been reached, the wall shall be braced or laterally supported before backfilling.

(1) The soil in trenches beneath footings for sewers and watermains shall be compacted by tamping up to the level of the footing base, or shall be filled with concrete having a strength not less than 10 MPa to support the footing.

(1) This Section prescribes measures to control the ingress of water, moisture and soil gas.

(2) Subsection 9.13.2. applies to below-ground walls and floors-on-ground where drainage is provided in accordance with Section 9.14. over and along the entire below-ground portion of the foundation wall.

(3) Subsection 9.13.3. applies to below-ground walls, floors-on-ground and roofs of underground structures that are subject to hydrostatic pressure.

(4) Subsection 9.13.4. applies to walls, roofs and floors that are in contact with the ground.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (4) and Article 9.13.3.1., where the exterior finished ground level is at a higher elevation than the ground level inside the foundation walls, exterior surfaces of foundation walls below ground level shall be dampproofed.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3) and Article 9.13.3.1., floors-on-ground shall be dampproofed.

(3) Floors in garages, floors in unenclosed portions of buildings and floors installed over granular fill in conformance with Article 9.16.2.1. need not be dampproofed.

(4) Dampproofing in Sentence (1) is not required where the exterior surfaces of foundation walls below ground level are waterproofed.

(1) Materials installed to provide required dampproofing shall be,

(a) capable of protecting assemblies against moisture transfer from the ground,

(b) compatible with adjoining materials, and

(c) resistant to mechanisms of deterioration that may reasonably be expected, given the nature, function and exposure of the materials.

(2) Except as otherwise specified in this Section, materials used for exterior dampproofing shall,

(a) conform to one of the following standards:

(i) ASTM D1227 "Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for Roofing", Type III, Class I,

(ii) ASTM D4479 / D4479M, "Asphalt Roof Coatings - Asbestos-Free", Type III,

(iii) CAN/CGSB-51.34-M, "Vapour Barrier, Polyethylene Sheet for Use in Building Construction", or

(iv) CAN/CSA-A123.4, "Asphalt for Constructing Built-Up Roof Coverings and Waterproofing Systems", or

(b) have a water vapour permeance of not more than 43 ng/Pa•s•m2 when tested in accordance with Procedure A (wet cup) of ASTM E96 / E96M, "Water Vapor Transmission of Materials", and consist of one of the following material types:

(i) a vapour-resistant coating,

(ii) a cold-fluid-applied or hot-rubberized bituminous dampproofing membrane,

(iii) a liquid-applied or spray-applied asphalt-based emulsion dampproofing, or

(iv) a Type III hot-applied asphalt.

(1) The area in which dampproofing is to be carried out shall be kept free of water during the application and curing of the dampproofing system.

(2) The surface to be dampproofed shall be prepared in accordance with the instructions of the dampproofing material manufacturer.

(3) Where the dampproofing material is to be applied on insulating concrete form (ICF) walls, the instructions of the ICF wall manufacturer shall be followed.

(4) Unit masonry walls to be dampproofed shall be parged on the exterior face below ground level with not less than 6 mm of mortar conforming to Section 9.20. coved over the footing.

(5) Concrete walls to be dampproofed shall have holes and recesses sealed with cement mortar or a mastic or sealant that is suitable for vertical applications and compatible with the dampproofing material.

(6) The surface required to be dampproofed shall be clean and dry and free of ice, snow, frost, dust, dirt, oil, grease, cracks, projections, depressions, loose particles and debris that could be detrimental to the performance of the membrane to be applied.

(1) Exterior dampproofing shall be applied from finished ground level to the top of the exterior of the footing.

(2) Unless otherwise stated in this Subsection, dampproofing shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions with regard to,

(a) surface priming,

(b) conditions during application,

(c) application quantity and rate, and

(d) curing times.

(3) Joints, cracks and penetrations shall be sealed to maintain the continuity of the dampproofing, where the dampproofing material is not capable of bridging such discontinuities.

(1) The interior surface of foundation walls below ground level shall be protected by means that minimize the ingress of moisture from the foundation wall into interior spaces where,

(a) a separate interior finish is applied to a concrete or unit masonry wall that is in contact with the soil, or

(b) wood members are placed in contact with such walls for the installation of insulation or finish.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), where the protection of interior finishes required in Sentence (1) consists of membranes or coatings,

(a) the membrane or coating shall extend from the basement floor surface up to the highest extent of the interior insulation or finish, but not higher than the exterior finished ground level, and

(b) no membrane or coating with a permeance less than 170 ng/(Pa·s·m2) shall be applied to the interior surface of the foundation wall above ground level between the insulation and the foundation wall.

(3) Where insulation functions as both moisture protection for interior finishes and as a vapour barrier in accordance with Subsection 9.25.4., it shall be applied over the entire interior surface of the foundation wall.

(1) Where dampproofing is installed below the floor, it shall consist of,

(a) polyethylene not less than 0.15 mm thick with joints lapped not less than 100 mm,

(b) Type S roll roofing with joints lapped not less than 100 mm, or

(c) rigid extruded/expanded polystyrene with sealed or ship-lapped joints that has,

(i) sufficient compressive strength to support the floor assembly, and

(ii) a water vapour permeance complying with Clause 9.13.2.2.(2)(b).

(2) Where dampproofing is installed between a floor-on-ground and a finished floor, it shall consist of,

(a) rigid extruded/expanded polystyrene with sealed or ship-lapped joints that has,

(i) sufficient compressive strength to support the floor assembly, and

(ii) a water vapour permeance complying with Clause 9.13.2.2.(2)(b), or

(b) polyethylene not less than 0.05 mm with joints lapped not less than 100 mm.

(1) Preserved wood foundation walls shall be dampproofed as described in CSA S406, "Permanent Wood Foundations for Housing and Small Buildings".

(1) Where hydrostatic pressure occurs, waterproofing is required for assemblies separating interior space from the ground to prevent the ingress of water into building assemblies and interior spaces.

(2) Waterproofing is required for roofs of underground structures to prevent the ingress of water into building assemblies and interior spaces.

(1) Materials installed to provide required waterproofing shall be,

(a) compatible with adjoining materials, and

(b) resistant to mechanisms of deterioration that may reasonably be expected, given the nature, function and exposure of the materials.

(2) Materials used for exterior waterproofing shall conform to,

(a) ASTM D1227, "Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for Roofing", in which case, they shall be installed in accordance with Sentence 9.13.3.3.(3),

(b) ASTM D3019, "Lap Cement Used with Asphalt Roll Roofing, Non-Fibered, Asbestos-Fibered, and Non-Asbestos-Fibered", but only with respect to non-fibered and non-asbestos-fibered (Types I and III) asphalt roll roofing,

(c) ASTM D4479 / D4479M, "Asphalt Roof Coatings - Asbestos-Free", in which case, they shall be installed in accordance with Sentence 9.13.3.3.(3) and with reinforcing material,

(d) ASTM D4637 / D4637M, "EPDM Sheet Used In Single-Ply Roof Membrane",

(e) ASTM D4811 / D4811M, "Nonvulcanized (Uncured) Rubber Sheet Used as Roof Flashing",

(f) ASTM D6878 / D6878M, "Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing",

(g) CGSB 37-GP-9Ma, "Primer, Asphalt, Unfilled, for Asphalt Roofing, Dampproofing and Waterproofing", where a primer is required,

(h) CAN/CGSB-37.50-M, "Hot-Applied, Rubberized Asphalt for Roofing and Waterproofing",

(i) CAN/CGSB-37.54, "Polyvinyl Chloride Roofing and Waterproofing Membrane",

(j) CGSB 37-GP-56M, "Membrane, Modified, Bituminous, Prefabricated, and Reinforced for Roofing",

(k) CAN/CGSB-37.58-M, "Membrane, Elastomeric, Cold-Applied Liquid, for Non-Exposed Use in Roofing and Waterproofing",

(l) CAN/CSA-A123.2, "Asphalt-Coated Roofing Sheets",

(m) CAN/CSA-A123.4, "Asphalt for Constructing Built-Up Roof Coverings and Waterproofing Systems", in which case, they shall be installed with reinforcing material, or

(n) CSA A123.17, "Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing".

(1) Surfaces to be waterproofed shall be prepared in accordance with the instructions of the waterproofing material manufacturer.

(2) Where the waterproofing material is to be applied on insulating concrete form (ICF) walls, the instructions of the ICF wall manufacturer shall be followed.

(3) Unit masonry walls that are to be waterproofed shall be parged on exterior surfaces below ground level with not less than 6 mm of mortar conforming to Section 9.20. coved over the footing.

(4) Concrete walls that are to be waterproofed shall have all holes and recesses sealed with mortar or waterproofing material.

(5) Surfaces required to be waterproofed shall be clean and dry and free of ice, snow, frost, dust, dirt, oil, grease, cracks, projections and depressions, loose particles and debris that could be detrimental to the performance of the waterproofing material.

(1) Unless otherwise stated in this Subsection, waterproofing shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions with regard to,

(a) surface priming,

(b) conditions during application,

(c) the required number of layers of reinforcing fabric on foundations, footings, floors, walls and structural slabs,

(d) application quantity and rate, and

(e) curing times.

(2) Waterproofing shall be continuous across joints and at junctions between different building elements.

(3) The waterproofed surface shall be protected with a suitable material to minimize mechanical damage during backfilling.

(4) The area in which the waterproofing is to be carried out shall be kept free of water during the application and curing of the waterproofing system.

(1) Basement floors-on-ground to be waterproofed shall have a system of membrane waterproofing provided between 2 layers of concrete, each of which shall be not less than 75 mm thick, with the floor membrane made continuous with the wall membrane to form a complete seal.

(1) Where methane or radon gases are known to be a problem, construction shall comply with the requirements for soil gas control in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, "Requirements for Soil Gas Control".

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), all wall, roof and floor assemblies in contact with the ground shall be constructed to resist the leakage of soil gas from the ground into the building.

(2) Construction to resist leakage of soil gas into the building is not required for,

(a) garages and unenclosed portions of buildings,

(b) buildings constructed in areas where it can be demonstrated that soil gas does not constitute a hazard, or

(c) houses that are constructed to provide for subfloor depressurization in accordance with MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, "Requirements for Soil Gas Control".

(3) Where soil gas control is required, a soil gas barrier shall be installed at walls and roofs in contact with the ground according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, "Requirements for Soil Gas Control".

(4) Where soil gas control is required, it shall consist of one of the following at floors in contact with the ground:

(a) a soil gas barrier installed according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, "Requirements for Soil Gas Control", or

(b) for houses, a subfloor depressurization system installed according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, "Requirements for Soil Gas Control".

(1) Materials used to provide a barrier to soil gas ingress through floors-on-ground shall conform to CAN/CGSB-51.34-M, "Vapour Barrier, Polyethylene Sheet, for Use in Building Construction".

(1) This Section applies to subsurface drainage and to surface drainage.

(1) Drainage for crawl spaces shall conform to Section 9.18.

(1) Drainage requirements beneath floors-on-ground shall conform to Section 9.16.

(1) Unless it can be shown to be unnecessary, drainage shall be provided at the bottom of every foundation wall that contains the building interior.

(2) Except as provided in Sentences (4) and (5), where the insulation on a foundation wall extends to more than 900 mm below the adjacent exterior ground level,

(a) a drainage layer shall be installed adjacent to the exterior surface of a foundation wall consisting of,

(i) not less than 19 mm mineral fibre insulation with a density of not less than 57 kg/m3, or

(ii) not less than 100 mm of free draining granular material, or

(b) a system shall be installed that can be shown to provide equivalent performance to that provided by the materials described in Clause (a).

(3) Where mineral fibre insulation, crushed rock backfill or other drainage layer medium is provided adjacent to the exterior surface of a foundation wall,

(a) the insulation, backfill or other drainage layer medium shall extend to the footing level to facilitate drainage of ground water to the foundation drainage system, and

(b) any pyritic material in the crushed rock shall be limited to a concentration that will not damage the building to a degree that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments.

(4) Except when the insulation provides the drainage layer required in Clause (2)(a), when exterior insulation is provided, the drainage layer shall be installed on the exterior face of the insulation.

(5) The drainage layer required in Sentence (2) is not required,

(a) when the foundation wall is not required to be dampproofed, or

(b) when the foundation wall is waterproofed.

(6) Where drainage is required in Sentence (1), the drainage shall conform to Subsection 9.14.3. or 9.14.4.

(1) Drain tile and drain pipe for foundation drainage shall conform to,

(a) ASTM C4, "Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile",

(b) ASTM C412M, "Concrete Drain Tile (Metric)",

(c) ASTM C444M, "Perforated Concrete Pipe (Metric)",

(d) ASTM C700, "Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength and Perforated",

(e) CAN/CSA-B182.1, "Plastic Drain and Sewer Pipe and Pipe Fittings",

(f) CAN/CSA-G401, "Corrugated Steel Pipe Products", or

(g) BNQ 3624-115, "Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings - Flexible Pipes for Drainage - Characteristics and Test Methods".

(h) Revoked: O. Reg. 88/19, s. 236.

(1) Drain tile or pipe used for foundation drainage shall be not less than 100 mm in diam.

(1) Drain tile or pipe shall be laid on undisturbed or well-compacted soil so that the top of the tile or pipe is below the bottom of the floor slab or the ground cover of the crawl space.

(2) Drain tile or pipe with butt joints shall be laid with 6 mm to 10 mm open joints.

(3) The top half of joints referred to in Sentence (2) shall be covered with sheathing paper, 0.10 mm polyethylene or No. 15 asphalt or tar-saturated felt.

(4) The top and sides of drain pipe or tile shall be covered with not less than 150 mm of crushed stone or other coarse clean granular material containing not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve.

(1) Granular material used to drain the bottom of a foundation shall consist of a continuous layer of crushed stone or other coarse clean granular material containing,

(a) not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve, and

(b) no pyritic material in a concentration that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments.

(1) Granular material described in Article 9.14.4.1. shall be laid on undisturbed or compacted soil to a minimum depth of not less than 125 mm beneath the footing of the building and extend not less than 300 mm beyond the outside edge of the footings.

(1) The bottom of an excavation drained by a granular layer shall be graded so that the entire area described in Article 9.14.4.2. is drained to a sump conforming to Article 9.14.5.2.

(1) Where because of wet site conditions soil becomes mixed with the granular drainage material, sufficient additional granular material shall be provided so that the top 125 mm is kept free of soil.

(1) Foundation drains shall drain to a sewer, drainage ditch or dry well.

(1) Where gravity drainage is not practical, a covered sump with an automatic pump shall be installed to discharge the water into a sewer, drainage ditch or dry well.

(2) Covers for sump pits shall be,

(a) designed to resist removal by children, and

(b) sealed in accordance with Sentence 9.25.3.3.(16).

(1) Dry wells are permitted to be used only when located in areas where the natural groundwater level is below the bottom of the dry well.

(2) Dry wells shall be not less than 5 m from the building foundation and located so that drainage is away from the building.

(1) The building shall be located or the building site graded so that water will not accumulate at or near the building and will not adversely affect adjacent properties.

(1) Surface drainage shall be directed away from the location of a water supply well or leaching bed.

(1) Every window well shall be drained to the footing level or other suitable location.

(1) Where runoff water from a driveway is likely to accumulate or enter a garage, a catch basin shall be installed to provide adequate drainage.

(1) Downspouts shall conform to Article 9.26.18.2.

(1) Except as provided in Articles 9.15.1.2. and 9.15.1.3., this Section applies to,

(a) concrete or unit masonry foundation walls and concrete footings not subject to surcharge,

(i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and

(ii) for buildings of wood frame or masonry construction,

(b) wood frame foundation walls and wood or concrete footings not subject to surcharge,

(i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and

(ii) for buildings of wood frame construction, and

(c) flat insulating concrete form foundation walls and concrete footings not subject to surcharge,

(i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and

(ii) for houses of light frame or flat insulating concrete form construction that are not more than 2 storeys in building height, with a maximum floor to floor height of 3 m.

(2) Foundations for applications other than as described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in accordance with Section 9.4.

(3) Where a foundation is erected on filled ground, peat or sensitive clay, the footing sizes shall be designed in conformance with Section 4.2.

(4) For the purpose of Sentence (3), sensitive clay means the grain size of the majority of the particles is smaller than 0.002 mm, including leda clay.

(1) Buildings erected on permafrost shall have foundations designed by a designer competent in this field in accordance with the appropriate requirements of Part 4.

(1) Where the superstructure of a detached building conforms to the requirements of the deformation resistance test in CSA Z240.2.1, "Structural Requirements for Manufactured Homes", the foundation shall be constructed in conformance with,

(a) this Section, or

(b) CSA Z240.10.1, "Site Preparation, Foundation, and Installation of Buildings".

(1) Concrete shall conform to Section 9.3.

(1) Concrete block shall conform to CSA A165.1, "Concrete Block Masonry Units", and shall have a compressive strength over the average net cross-sectional area of the block of not less than 15 MPa.

(2) Mortar, grout, mortar joints, corbelling and protection for unit masonry shall conform to Section 9.20.

(3) For concrete block foundation walls required to be reinforced,

(a) mortar shall be Type S, conforming to CSA A179, "Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry",

(b) grout shall be coarse, conforming to CSA A179, "Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry", and

(c) placement of grout shall conform to CSA A371, "Masonry Construction for Buildings".

(1) Where pier type foundations are used, the piers shall be designed to support the applied loads from the superstructure.

(2) Where piers are used as a foundation system in a building of 1 storey in building height, the piers shall be installed to support the principal framing members and shall be spaced not more than 3.5 m apart along the framing, unless the piers and their footings are designed for larger spacings.

(3) The height of piers described in Sentence (2) shall not exceed 3 times their least dimension at the base of the pier.

(4) Where concrete block is used for piers described in Sentence (2), they shall be laid with cores placed vertically, and where the width of the building is 4.3 m or less, placed with their longest dimension at right angles to the longest dimension of the building.

(1) Foundations of wood frame construction shall conform to,

(a) CSA S406, "Permanent Wood Foundations for Housing and Small Buildings", or

(b) Part 4.

(1) Footings shall be provided under walls, pilasters, columns, piers, fireplaces and chimneys that bear on soil or rock, except that footings are permitted to be omitted under piers or monolithic concrete walls if the safe loadbearing capacity of the soil or rock is not exceeded.

(1) Footings shall rest on undisturbed soil, rock or compacted granular fill.

(2) Granular fill shall not contain pyritic material in a concentration that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence 9.15.3.4.(2), the minimum footing width or area requirements provided in Articles 9.15.3.4. to 9.15.3.7. shall apply to footings where,

(a) the footings support,

(i) foundation walls of masonry, concrete, or flat insulating concrete form walls,

(ii) above ground walls of masonry, flat insulating concrete form walls or light wood frame construction, and

(iii) floors and roofs of light wood frame construction,

(b) the span of supported joists does not exceed 4.9 m, and

(c) the specified live load on any floor supported by the footing does not exceed 2.4 kPa.

(2) Except as provided in Sentence 9.15.3.4.(2), where the span of the supported joists exceeds 4.9 m, footings shall be designed in accordance with Section 4.2.

(3) Where the specified live load exceeds 2.4 kPa footings shall be designed in accordance with Section 4.2.

(1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3) and in Articles 9.15.3.5. to 9.15.3.7., the minimum footing width or area shall comply with Table 9.15.3.4.

Table 9.15.3.4. Minimum Footing Sizes

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.3.4.(1)**

(1) See Sentence 9.15.3.7.(1).

(2) See Sentences 9.15.3.5.(1).

(3) See Sentence 9.15.3.6.(1).

(2) Where the supported joist span exceeds 4.9 m in buildings with light wood frame walls, floors and roofs, footing widths shall be determined according to,

(a) Section 4.2., or

(b) the following formula:

W = w • [∑ sjs / (storeys • 4.9)]

where,

W = minimum footing width,

w = minimum width of footings supporting joists not exceeding 4.9 m, as defined by Table 9.15.3.4.,

∑ sjs = the sum of the supported joist spans on each storey whose load is transferred to the footing, and

storeys = number of storeys supported by the footing.

(3) Where a foundation rests on gravel, sand or silt in which the water table level is less than the width of the footings below the bearing surface,

(a) the footing width for walls shall be not less than twice the width required by Sentences (1) and (2), and Articles 9.15.3.5. and 9.15.3.6., and

(b) the footing area for columns shall be not less than twice the area required by Sentences (1) and (2), and Article 9.15.3.7.

(1) The strip footing widths for exterior walls shown in Table 9.15.3.4. shall be increased by,

(a) 65 mm for each storey of masonry veneer over wood frame construction supported by the foundation wall,

(b) 130 mm for each storey of masonry construction supported by the foundation wall, and

(c) 150 mm for each storey of flat insulating concrete form wall construction supported by the foundation wall.

(1) The minimum strip footing widths for interior loadbearing masonry walls shown in Table 9.15.3.4. shall be increased by 100 mm for each storey of masonry construction supported by the footing.

(2) Footings for interior non-loadbearing masonry walls shall be not less than 200 mm wide for walls up to 5.5 m high and the width shall be increased by 100 mm for each additional 2.7 m of height.

(1) The footing area for column spacings other than shown in Table 9.15.3.4. shall be adjusted in proportion to the distance between columns.

(1) Footing thickness shall be not less than the greater of,

(a) 100 mm, or

(b) the width of the projection of the footing beyond the supported element.

(1) Where step footings are used,

(a) the vertical rise between horizontal portions shall not exceed 600 mm, and

(b) the horizontal distance between risers shall be not less than 600 mm.

(1) Insulating concrete form units shall be manufactured of polystyrene conforming to the performance requirements of CAN/ULC-S701.1, "Thermal Insulation, Polystyrene Boards", for Type 2, 3 or 4 polystyrene.

(1) Except as required in Sentence (2), the thickness of foundation walls made of unreinforced concrete block or solid concrete and subject to lateral earth pressure shall conform to Table 9.15.4.2.A. for walls not exceeding 3.0 m in unsupported height.

Table 9.15.4.2.A. Thickness of Solid Concrete and Unreinforced Concrete Block Foundation Walls

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.4.2.(1)**

(1) See Article 9.15.4.3.

(2) See Article 9.15.4.6.

(3) See Table 9.15.4.2.B.

(2) The thickness of concrete in flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall be not less than the greater of,

(a) 140 mm, or

(b) the thickness of the concrete in the wall above.

(3) Foundation walls made of flat insulating concrete form units shall be laterally supported at the top and at the bottom.

(4) The thickness and reinforcing of foundation walls made of reinforced concrete block and subject to lateral earth pressure shall conform to Table 9.15.4.2.B. and Sentences (5) to (8) where,

(a) the walls are laterally supported at the top,

(b) average stable soils are encountered, and

(c) wind loads on the exposed portion of the foundation are no greater than 0.70 kPa.

Table 9.15.4.2.B. Reinforced Concrete Block Foundation Walls Laterally Supported at the Top(1)

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.4.2.(4)**

(1) See Article 9.15.4.3.

(2) See Article 9.15.4.6.

(3) No reinforcement required.

(5) For concrete block walls required to be reinforced, continuous vertical reinforcement shall,

(a) be provided at wall corners, wall ends, wall intersections, at changes in wall height, at the jambs of all openings and at movement joints,

(b) extend from the top of the footing to the top of the foundation wall, and

(c) where foundation walls are laterally supported at the top, have not less than 50 mm embedment into the footing, if the floor slab does not provide lateral support at the wall base.

(6) For concrete block walls required to be reinforced, a continuous horizontal bond beam containing at least one 15M bar shall be installed,

(a) along the top of the wall,

(b) at the sill and head of all openings greater than 1.2 m in width, and

(c) at structurally connected floors.

(7) In concrete block walls required to be reinforced, all vertical bar reinforcement shall be installed along the centre line of the wall.

(8) In concrete block walls required to be reinforced, ladder or truss type lateral reinforcement not less than 3.8 mm in diameter (No. 9 ASWG) shall be installed in the bed joint of every second masonry course.

(1) Sentences (2) to (4) apply to lateral support for walls described in Sentence 9.15.4.2.(1).

(2) Foundation walls shall be considered to be laterally supported at the top if,

(a) such walls support solid masonry superstructure,

(b) the floor joists are embedded in the top of the foundation walls, or

(c) the floor system is anchored to the top of the foundation walls with anchor bolts, in which case the joists may run either parallel or perpendicular to the foundation walls.

(3) Unless the wall around an opening is reinforced to withstand earth pressure, the portion of the foundation wall beneath an opening shall be considered laterally unsupported, if,

(a) the opening is more than 1.2 m wide, or

(b) the total width of the openings in the foundation wall constitutes more than 25% of the length of the wall.

(4) For the purposes of Sentence (3), the combined width of the openings shall be considered as a single opening if the average width is greater than the width of solid wall between them.

(5) Flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall be considered to be laterally supported at the top if the floor joists are installed according to Article 9.20.17.5.

(1) Flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall be considered to be laterally supported at the bottom where the foundation wall,

(a) supports backfill not more than 1.2 m in height,

(b) is supported at the footing by a shear key and is supported at the top by the ground floor framing, or

(c) is dowelled to the footing with not less than 15M bars spaced not more than 1.2 m o.c.

(1) Horizontal reinforcement in flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall,

(a) consist of,

(i) one 10M bar placed not more than 300 mm from the top of the wall, and

(ii) 10M bars spaced not more than 600 mm o.c., and

(b) be located,

(i) in the inside half of the wall section, and

(ii) with a minimum cover of 30 mm from the inside face of the concrete.

(2) Vertical wall reinforcement in flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall,

(a) conform to,

(i) Table 9.15.4.5.A. for 140 mm walls,

(ii) Table 9.15.4.5.B. for 190 mm walls, and

(iii) Table 9.15.4.5.C. for 240 mm walls,

(b) be located in the inside half of the wall section with a minimum cover of 30 mm from the inside face of the concrete wall, and

(c) where interrupted by wall openings, be placed not more than 600 mm from each side of the openings.

(3) Cold joints in flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall be reinforced with at least one 15M bar spaced not more than 600 mm o.c. and embedded not less than 300 mm on both sides of the joint.

(4) Reinforcing around openings in flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall comply with Article 9.20.17.3. or 9.20.17.4.

Table 9.15.4.5.A. Vertical Reinforcement for 140 mm Flat Insulating Concrete Form Foundation Walls

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.4.5.(2)**

Table 9.15.4.5.B. Vertical Reinforcement for 190 mm Flat Insulating Concrete Form Foundation Walls

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.4.5.(2)**

Table 9.15.4.5.C. Vertical Reinforcement for 240 mm Flat Insulating Concrete Form Foundation Walls

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.4.5.(2)**

(1) Exterior foundation walls shall extend not less than 150 mm above finished ground level.

(1) Where the top of a foundation wall is reduced in thickness to permit the installation of floor joists, the reduced section shall be not more than 350 mm high and not less than 90 mm thick.

(2) Where the top of a foundation wall is reduced in thickness to permit the installation of a masonry exterior facing, the reduced section shall be,

(a) not less than 90 mm thick, and

(b) tied to the facing material with metal ties conforming to Sentence 9.20.9.4.(3) spaced not more than,

(i) 200 mm o.c. vertically, and

(ii) 900 mm o.c. horizontally.

(3) The space between wall and facing described in Sentence (2) shall be filled with mortar.

(1) Corbelling of masonry foundation walls supporting cavity walls shall conform to Article 9.20.12.2.

(1) Crack control joints shall be provided in foundation walls more than 25 m long at intervals of not more than 15 m.

(2) Joints required in Sentence (1) shall be designed to resist moisture penetration and shall be keyed to prevent relative displacement of the wall portions adjacent to the joint.

(1) Interior masonry foundation walls not subject to lateral earth pressure shall conform to Section 9.20.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), foundation walls of hollow masonry units supporting floor joists shall be capped with,

(a) not less than 50 mm of concrete,

(b) solid masonry units that are 100% solid and not less than 50 mm high, or

(c) semi-solid or hollow solid masonry units that have the top course completely filled with mortar, grout or concrete.

(2) Capping required in Sentence (1) is permitted to be omitted,

(a) in localities where termites are not known to occur,

(b) when the joists are supported on a wood plate not less than 38 mm by 89 mm, and

(c) when the siding overlaps the foundation wall not less than 12 mm.

(1) Not less than a 190 mm depth of solid masonry shall be provided beneath beams supported on masonry.

(2) Where the beam referred to in Sentence (1) is supported below the top of the foundation walls, the ends of such beams shall be protected from the weather.

(1) Pilasters shall be provided under beams that frame into unit masonry foundation walls 140 mm or less in thickness.

(2) Pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 90 mm by 290 mm and shall be bonded or tied into the wall.

(3) The top 200 mm of pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be solid masonry with the cells of hollow or semi-solid units filled with mortar, grout or concrete.

(1) Concrete block foundation walls shall be parged on the exterior face below ground level as required in Section 9.13.

(1) Exterior surfaces of concrete block foundation walls above ground level shall have tooled joints, or shall be rendered, parged or otherwise suitably finished.

(1) All form ties shall be removed at least flush with the concrete surface.

(1) This Section applies to floors that are supported on ground or granular fill and that do not provide structural support for the superstructure.

(1) Floors-on-ground that support loads from the superstructure shall be designed in conformance with Part 4.

(1) All spaces within dwelling units, except crawl spaces, shall be provided with a floor-on-ground, where,

(a) access is provided to the space, and

(b) a floor supported by the structure is not provided.

(1) Dampproofing and waterproofing shall conform to Section 9.13.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), not less than 100 mm of coarse clean granular material containing not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve shall be placed beneath floors-on-ground.

(2) Granular material need not be installed under,

(a) slabs in garages, carports or accessory buildings, or

(b) buildings of industrial occupancy where the nature of the process contained in the occupancy permits or requires the use of large openings in the building envelope even during the winter.

(1) Material that is susceptible to changes in volume due to variations in moisture content or chemical-microbiological oxidation shall not be used as fill beneath floors-on-ground in a concentration that will damage the building to a degree that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments.

(2) Material that is susceptible to changes in volume due to freezing shall not be used as fill beneath floors-on-ground that will be subjected to freezing temperatures.

(3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), fill beneath floors-on-ground shall be compacted.

(4) Fill beneath floors-on-ground need not be compacted where the material is clean coarse aggregate containing not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.16.3.2. or where it can be shown to be unnecessary, ingress of water underneath a floor-on-ground shall be prevented by grading or drainage.

(1) Where groundwater levels may cause hydrostatic pressure beneath a floor-on-ground, the floor-on-ground shall be,

(a) a cast-in-place concrete slab, and

(b) designed to resist such pressures.

(1) When floor drains are required, the floor surface shall be sloped so that no water can accumulate.

(1) The finished surface of concrete floor slabs shall be trowelled smooth and even.

(2) Dry cement shall not be added to the floor surfaces to absorb surplus water.

(1) Where a topping course is provided for a concrete floor slab, it shall consist of 1 part cement to 2.5 parts clean, well graded sand by volume, with a water/cement ratio approximately equal to that of the base slab.

(2) When concrete topping is provided it shall not be less than 20 mm thick.

(1) Concrete slabs shall be not less than 75 mm thick exclusive of concrete topping.

(1) A bond-breaking material shall be placed between the slab and footings or rock.

(1) Where dampproofing is not provided, the concrete used for floors-on-ground shall have a compressive strength of not less than 25 MPa after 28 days.

(2) Where dampproofing is provided as described in Article 9.13.2.7., the concrete used for floors-on-ground shall have a compressive strength of not less than 15 MPa after 28 days.

(1) Floors-on-ground constructed of wood shall conform to CSA S406, "Permanent Wood Foundations for Housing and Small Buildings".

(1) This Section applies to columns used to support,

(a) beams carrying loads from not more than 2 wood frame floors where,

(i) the supported length of joists bearing on such beams does not exceed 5 m, and

(ii) the live load on any floor does not exceed 2.4 kPa,

(b) beams or header joists carrying loads from not more than 2 levels of wood frame balconies, decks or other accessible exterior platforms, or 1 level and the roof, where,

(i) the supported length of joists bearing on such beams or joists does not exceed 5 m,

(ii) the sum of the specified snow load and the load due to use and occupancy does not exceed 4.8 kPa, and

(iii) the platform serves only a single suite of residential occupancy, or

(c) carport roofs.

(2) Columns for applications other than as described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in accordance with Part 4.

(1) Columns shall be centrally located on a footing conforming to Section 9.15.

(1) Columns shall be securely fastened to the supported member to reduce the likelihood of lateral differential movement between the column and the supported member.

(2) Except as permitted by Sentence (3), columns shall be laterally supported,

(a) directly, or

(b) by connection to the supported members.

(3) Columns need not be provided with lateral support as described in Sentence (2) where,

(a) the length of the columns are not more than 600 mm measured from the finished ground to the underside of the supported member, and

(b) the columns support a deck with no superstructure.

(1) Except as permitted by Sentence (2), steel pipe columns shall have an outside diameter of not less than 73 mm and a wall thickness of not less than 4.76 mm.

(2) Columns of sizes other than as specified in Sentence (1) are permitted to be used where the loadbearing capacities are shown to be adequate.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), steel columns shall be fitted with not less than 100 mm by 100 mm by 6.35 mm thick steel plates at each end, and where the column supports a wooden beam, the top plate shall extend across the full width of the beam.

(2) The top plate required in Sentence (1) need not be provided where a column supports a steel beam and provision is made for the attachment of the column to the beam.

(1) Exterior steel columns susceptible to corrosion shall be treated on the outside surface with at least one coat of rust-inhibitive paint.

(1) Where the imposed load does not exceed 36 kN, adjustable steel columns shall conform to CAN/CGSB-7.2, "Adjustable Steel Columns".

(2) Adjustable steel columns other than those described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in accordance with Part 4.

(1) The width or diameter of a wood column shall be not less than the width of the supported member.

(2) Except as provided in Article 9.35.4.2., columns shall be not less than 184 mm for round columns and 140 mm by 140 mm for rectangular columns, unless calculations are provided to show that lesser sizes are adequate.

(1) Wood columns shall be either solid, glue-laminated or built-up.

(2) Built-up columns shall consist of not less than 38 mm thick full-length members,

(a) bolted together with not less than 9.52 mm diam bolts spaced not more than 450 mm o.c., or

(b) nailed together with not less than 76 mm nails spaced not more than 300 mm o.c.

(3) Glued-laminated columns shall conform to Section 4.3.

(1) Wood columns shall be separated from concrete in contact with the ground by 0.05 mm polyethylene film or Type S roll roofing.

(1) Where termites are known to exist, exterior wood columns, such as porch supports, shall be,

(a) pressure-treated with a chemical that is toxic to such termites, in accordance with Article 9.3.2.9., or

(b) supported on non-cellulosic material extending not less than 150 mm above the finished ground and shall be located not less than 50 mm from the exterior wall of an adjacent building.

(1) Unit masonry columns shall be built of masonry units,

(a) conforming to CSA A165.1, "Concrete Block Masonry Units", and

(b) having a compressive strength over the net area of the block of not less than 15 MPa.

(1) Unit masonry columns shall be not less than 290 mm by 290 mm or 240 mm by 380 mm in size.

(1) Concrete shall conform to Section 9.3.

(1) Concrete columns shall be not less than 200 mm by 200 mm for rectangular columns and 230 mm diam for circular columns.

(1) In this Section, a crawl space refers to an enclosed space between the underside of a floor assembly and the ground cover directly below, with a clearance less than 1 800 mm in height.

(1) Foundation walls enclosing crawl spaces shall conform to Section 9.15.

(1) Crawl spaces shall be considered to be heated where the space,

(a) is used as a warm air plenum,

(b) contains heating ducts or heating pipes that are not sealed and insulated to minimize heat loss to the space, or

(c) is not separated from heated space in accordance with Section 9.25.

(2) Heating of heated crawl spaces shall conform to Section 9.33.

(3) Insulation, an air barrier system and a vapour barrier shall be installed in the walls of heated crawl spaces in accordance with Section 9.25.

(1) An access opening of not less than 500 mm by 700 mm shall be provided to each crawl space where the crawl space serves a house or an individual dwelling unit in a house, and not less than 550 mm by 900 mm for other crawl spaces.

(2) Access openings shall be fitted with a door or hatch, except when the crawl space is heated and the access opening into the crawl space is from the adjacent heated space.

(1) Unheated crawl spaces shall be ventilated by natural or mechanical means.

(2) Where an unheated crawl space is ventilated by natural means, ventilation shall be provided to the outside air by not less than 0.1 m² of unobstructed vent area for every 50 m² of floor area.

(3) Vents shall be,

(a) uniformly distributed on opposite sides of the building, and

(b) designed to prevent the entry of snow, rain and insects.

(1) Heated crawl spaces shall be ventilated in accordance with Section 9.32.

(1) Where equipment requiring service such as plumbing cleanouts, traps and burners is located in crawl spaces, an access way with a height and width of not less than 600 mm shall be provided from the access door to the equipment and for a distance of 900 mm on the side or sides of the equipment to be serviced.

(1) Except where it can be shown to be unnecessary, the ingress of water into a crawl space shall be controlled by grading or drainage.

(2) Drainage of foundation walls shall conform to Article 9.14.2.1.

(3) Drainage of the ground cover or floor-on-ground in the crawl space shall conform to Subsection 9.16.3.

(4) Drains shall conform to Section 9.14.

(1) Where a crawl space is unheated, a ground cover shall be provided consisting of not less than,

(a) 50 mm of asphalt paving material,

(b) 100 mm of 15 MPa Portland cement concrete,

(c) Type S roll roofing, or

(d) 0.10 mm polyethylene.

(2) Joints in sheet-type ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall be lapped not less than 100 mm and weighted down.

(1) Where a crawl space is heated, a ground cover consisting of not less than 0.15 mm polyethylene sheet conforming to CAN/CGSB-51.34-M, "Vapour Barrier, Polyethylene Sheet, for Use in Building Construction", shall be installed as part of an air barrier system in accordance with Subsection 9.25.3.

(2) The ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall,

(a) have its joints lapped not less than 300 mm, and sealed and weighted down, or

(b) be covered with a concrete skim coat not less than 50 mm thick.

(3) The perimeter of the ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall be sealed to the foundation wall.

(1) Only crawl spaces under 1-storey portions of dwelling units shall be used as warm air plenums.

(2) Enclosing material in crawl spaces described in Sentence (1), including insulation, shall have a surface flame-spread rating not greater than 150.

(3) Combustible ground cover used as enclosing material in Sentence (2) shall be covered with noncombustible material.

(4) Noncombustible material described in Sentence (3) shall,

(a) extend not less than 300 mm beyond the projection of a register opening, and

(b) have turned-up edges.

(1) Except where it can be shown to be unnecessary, where insulation is installed between a ceiling and the underside of the roof sheathing, a space shall be provided between the insulation and the sheathing, and vents shall be installed to permit the movement of air from the space to the exterior.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the unobstructed vent area shall be not less than 1/300 of the insulated ceiling area.

(2) Where the roof slope is less than 1 in 6 or in roofs that are constructed with roof joists, the unobstructed vent area shall be not less than 1/150 of the insulated ceiling area.

(3) Required vents are permitted to be roof type, eave type, gable-end type or any combination of them, and shall be distributed,

(a) uniformly on opposite sides of the building,

(b) with not less than 25% of the required openings located at the top of the space, and

(c) with not less than 25% of the required openings located at the bottom of the space.

(4) Except where each roof joist space referred to in Sentence (2) is separately vented, roof joist spaces shall be interconnected by installing purlins not less than 38 mm by 38 mm on the top of the roof joists.

(5) Vents shall comply with CAN3-A93-M, "Natural Airflow Ventilators for Buildings".

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), where venting is provided to a roof joist space, not less than 63 mm of space shall be provided between the top of the insulation and the underside of the roof sheathing.

(2) Where venting is provided at the junction of sloped roofs and exterior walls and where preformed baffles are used to contain the insulation, the baffles shall,

(a) provide an unobstructed air space between the insulation and the underside of the roof sheathing, that is,

(i) not less than 25 mm in dimension, and

(ii) of sufficient cross area to meet the attic or roof space venting requirements of Article 9.19.1.2., and

(b) extend vertically not less than 50 mm above the top of the insulation.

(3) Ceiling insulation shall be installed in a manner that will not restrict a free flow of air through roof vents or through any portion of the attic or roof space.

(1) The lower portion of a mansard or gambrel style roof need not be ventilated.

(2) The upper portion of roofs described in Sentence (1) shall be ventilated in conformance with the requirements in Articles 9.19.1.1. to 9.19.1.3.

(1) Every attic or roof space shall be provided with an access hatch where the attic or roof space,

(a) measures not less than,

(i) 10 m² in area,

(ii) 1 000 mm in length or width, and

(iii) 600 mm in height over at least the area described in Subclauses (i) and (ii), or

(b) contains a fuel-fired appliance.

(2) Except where an attic or roof space contains a fuel-fired appliance, the hatch required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 550 mm by 900 mm except that, where the hatch serves a house or an individual dwelling unit in a house, the hatch may be reduced to,

(a) 0.32 m2 in area with no dimension less than 545 mm, or

(b) 500 mm by 700 mm.

(3) Hatchways to attic or roof spaces shall be fitted with doors or covers.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.20.1.2., this Section applies to,

(a) unreinforced masonry and masonry veneer walls not in contact with the ground, where,

(i) the height of the walls constructed on the foundation walls does not exceed 11 m, and

(ii) the roof or floor assembly above the first storey is not of concrete construction, and

(b) flat insulating concrete form walls not in contact with the ground that,

(i) have a maximum floor to floor height of 3 m,

(ii) are erected in houses not more than 2 storeys in building height, and

(iii) are erected in locations where the seismic spectral response acceleration, Sa(0.2), is not greater than 0.4.

(2) For walls other than those described in Sentence (1), or where the masonry walls or insulating concrete form walls not in contact with the ground are designed for specified loads on the basis of ultimate and serviceability limit states, Subsection 4.3.2. shall apply.

(1) In locations where the seismic spectral response acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 0.55, loadbearing elements of masonry buildings more than 1 storey in building height shall be reinforced with not less than the minimum amount of reinforcement as required in Subsection 9.20.15.

(2) In locations where the seismic spectral response acceleration, Sa(0.2), is greater than 0.35, but less than or equal to 0.55, loadbearing elements of masonry buildings 3 storeys in building height shall be reinforced with not less than the minimum amount of reinforcement as required in Subsection 9.20.15.

(1) Masonry units shall comply with,

(a) ASTM C73, "Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)",

(b) ASTM C126, "Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units",

(c) ASTM C212, "Structural Clay Facing Tile",

(d) CAN/CSA-A82 "Fire Masonry Brick Made from Clay or Shale",

(e) CSA A165.1, "Concrete Block Masonry Units",

(f) CSA A165.2, "Concrete Brick Masonry Units", or

(g) CSA A165.3, "Prefaced Concrete Masonry Units".

(h)-(k) Revoked: O. Reg. 88/19, s. 245.

(1) Used bricks shall be free of old mortar, soot or other surface coating and shall conform to Article 9.20.2.1.

(1) Glass blocks shall not be used as loadbearing units or in the construction of fireplaces or chimneys.

(1) Masonry made with cellular concrete shall not be used in contact with the soil or exposed to the weather.

(1) Stone shall be sound and durable.

(1) Concrete blocks exposed to the weather shall have weight and water absorption characteristics conforming to Classes A, B, C or D, described in CSA A165.1, "Concrete Block Masonry Units".

(1) The compressive strength of concrete blocks shall conform to Table 9.20.2.7.

Table 9.20.2.7. Compressive Strength of Concrete Blocks

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.2.7.(1)**

(1) Cementitious materials and aggregates for mortar and grout shall comply with CSA A179, "Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry".

(2) Water and aggregate shall be clean and free of significant amounts of deleterious materials.

(3) Lime used in mortar shall be hydrated.

(4) If lime putty is used in mortar, it shall be made by slaking quicklime in water for not less than 24 h or soaking hydrated lime in water for not less than 12 h.

(1) Mortar types shall conform to Table 9.20.3.2.A.

(2) Mortar for glass block masonry shall be,

(a) Type S Portland cement-lime where exposed to the exterior, or

(b) Type S or N where protected from the exterior.

(3) Mortar mix proportions shall conform to Table 9.20.3.2.B., with sufficient water to bring the mixture to a consistency adequate for laying masonry units.

(4) Grout mix proportions shall conform to Table 9.20.3.2.C., with sufficient water to provide a suitable flow to fill all voids completely, without excessive segregation or bleeding.

(5) Except as provided in Sentence (6), mortar shall be used and placed in final position,

(a) within 1.5 h after mixing when the air temperature is 25°C or higher, and

(b) within 2.5 h after mixing when the air temperature is less than 25°C.

(6) Mortar and grout containing a set-control admixture shall be manufactured off-site in a batching plant and shall be used and placed in final position within a time not exceeding the useful life as stipulated by the manufacturer.

(7) Grout used for reinforced masonry shall be placed in accordance with the requirements of CSA A371, "Masonry Construction for Buildings".

Table 9.20.3.2.A. Mortar Use

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.3.2.(1)**

Table 9.20.3.2.B. Mortar Mix Proportions (by Volume)

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.3.2.(3)**

Table 9.20.3.2.C. Grout Mix Proportions (by Volume)

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.3.2.(4)**

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), mortar joint thickness for burned clay brick and concrete masonry units shall be 10 mm.

(2) Permitted tolerances in head and bed joints shall be -5 mm to +10 mm.

(1) Hollow masonry units shall be laid with mortar applied to head and bed joints of both inner and outer face shells.

(2) Vertically aligned webs of hollow masonry units shall be laid in a full bed of mortar,

(a) under the starting course,

(b) in all courses of columns, and

(c) where adjacent to cells or cavities that are to be filled with grout.

(3) Except for head joints left open for weep holes and ventilation, solid masonry units shall be laid with full head and bed joints.

(1) All masonry shall be supported on masonry, concrete or steel, except that masonry veneer walls are permitted to be supported on foundations of wood frame constructed in conformance with Sentence 9.15.2.4.(1).

(2) Every masonry wall shall be at least as thick as the wall it supports, except as otherwise permitted in Article 9.20.12.2.

(1) Masonry over openings shall be supported by steel, reinforced concrete lintels or masonry arches designed to support the imposed loads.

(2) Except as provided in Sentences (3) and (6), steel angle lintels supporting masonry above openings shall conform to Table 9.20.5.2.A.

(3) Steel angle lintels supporting masonry veneer above openings shall conform to Table 9.20.5.2.B.

(4) Steel lintels described in Sentences (2) and (3) shall,

(a) have even and level bearing and shall have not less than 150 mm length of bearing at end supports, and

(b) bear on masonry, concrete or steel.

(5) Steel angle lintels supporting masonry shall be primed or painted or otherwise protected from corrosion.

(6) Steel beams supporting masonry veneer and wood stud walls above openings shall conform to Table 9.20.5.2.C.

(7) Steel beams described in Sentence (6) shall be supported at each end by a steel column, and have a minimum 6 mm plate welded to the flange to support the masonry veneer.

Table 9.20.5.2.A. Loose Steel Lintels for Masonry - No. & Size of Angles Required(6) (7)

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.5.2.(2)**

(1) See Sentence 9.20.5.2.(4).

(2) Omit floor load in lintel when distance to bottom of floor construction is greater than width of opening.

(3) Interior and exterior angles in 200 mm walls and interior angles in 300 mm walls are bolted together when clear span is over 1 800 mm.

(4) When masonry lighter than brick is used over interior angles floor load may be increased by the difference in weight per square metre times the width of the opening. Not generally available.

(5) Interior angles have been designed for floor load plus brick masonry of height equal to width of opening.

(6) fs = 138 MPa., Deflection maximum = 1/700 span.

(7) The figures in the Table indicating wall thickness and angle cross-section are in mm.

Table 9.20.5.2.B. Maximum Allowable Spans for Steel Lintels Supporting Masonry Veneer, m

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.5.2.(3)**

Table 9.20.5.2.C. Maximum Allowable Spans for Steel Beams Supporting Masonry Veneer, m(1), (2)

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.5.2.(6)**

(1) These spans assume that the beam supports the veneer, a wood stud wall and a maximum specified roof live load of 2.3 kN/m.

(2) Where the steel beam carries floor loads or larger roof loads, refer to Article 9.23.4.3.

(1) Masonry exterior walls, other than cavity walls, in 1 storey buildings and the top storeys of 2 and 3 storey buildings shall be not less than 140 mm thick provided the walls are not more than 2.8 m high at the eaves and 4.6 m high at the peaks of gable ends.

(2) The exterior walls of the bottom storeys of 2 storey buildings, and exterior walls of the bottom 2 storeys of 3 storey buildings shall be not less than 190 mm thick.

(3) In exterior walls composed of more than one wythe, each wythe shall be not less than 90 mm thick.

(1) Cavity walls shall be made with not less than 90 mm wide units if the joints are raked and not less than 75 mm wide units if the joints are not raked.

(2) The width of a cavity in a cavity wall shall be not less than 50 mm and not greater than 150 mm.

(3) The minimum thickness of cavity walls above the supporting base shall be 230 mm for the top 7.6 m and 330 mm for the remaining portion, except that where 75 mm wide units are used, the wall height above the top of the foundation wall shall not exceed 6 m.

(1) The thickness of loadbearing interior walls shall be determined on the basis of the maximum lateral support spacing as provided in Sentences 9.20.10.1.(2) and (3).

(2) The thickness of interior non-loadbearing walls shall be,

(a) determined on the basis of the maximum lateral support spacing as provided in Sentences 9.20.10.1.(2) and (3), and

(b) in any case, not less than 65 mm.

(1) Except for masonry veneer where each masonry unit is supported individually by the structural backing, masonry veneer shall consist of solid masonry units not less than 70 mm thick.

(2) Veneer described in Sentence (1) over wood frame walls shall have not less than a 25 mm air space behind the veneer.

(3) Masonry veneer less than 90 mm thick shall have unraked joints.

(4) Masonry veneer shall conform to Subsection 4.3.2. where the masonry units are required to be individually supported by the structural backing.

(1) The height of a parapet wall above the adjacent roof surface shall be not more than three times the parapet wall thickness.

(2) A parapet wall shall be solid masonry that extends from the top of the parapet wall to not less than 300 mm below the adjacent roof level.

(3) Where semi-solid or hollow units are used in a parapet wall, the cells of those units shall be filled with mortar, grout or concrete.

(1) Slab and panel facings of precast concrete and natural or artificial stone shall conform to Subsection 4.3.2.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence 9.20.7.2.(2) and Article 9.20.7.4., the depth of any chase or recess shall not exceed one-third the thickness of the wall, and the width of the chase or recess shall not exceed 500 mm.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Article 9.20.7.4., no chase or recess shall be constructed in any wall 190 mm or less in thickness.

(2) Recesses may be constructed in 190 mm walls provided they do not exceed 100 mm in depth, 750 mm in height and 500 mm in width.

(1) Chases and recesses shall be not less than,

(a) four times the wall thickness apart, and

(b) 600 mm away from any pilaster, cross wall, buttress or other vertical element providing required lateral support for the wall.

(1) Chases or recesses that do not conform to the limits specified in Articles 9.20.7.1. to 9.20.7.3. shall be considered as openings, and any masonry supported above such a chase or recess shall be supported by a lintel or arch as provided in Article 9.20.5.2.

(1) Chases or recesses shall not be cut into walls made with hollow units after the masonry units are in place.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), loadbearing walls of hollow masonry units supporting roof or floor framing members shall be capped with not less than 50 mm of solid masonry or have the top course filled with concrete.

(2) Capping required in Sentence (1) may be omitted where the roof framing is supported on a wood plate not less than 38 mm by 89 mm.

(1) Floor joists supported on cavity walls shall be supported on solid masonry units not less than 57 mm high.

(2) Floor joists described in Sentence (1) shall not project into the cavity.

(3) Roof and ceiling framing members bearing on cavity walls shall be supported on,

(a) solid masonry units not less than 57 mm high, bridging the full thickness of the wall, or

(b) a wood plate not less than 38 mm thick, bearing not less than 50 mm on each wythe.

(1) The bearing area under beams and joists shall be sufficient to carry the supported load.

(2) In no case shall the minimum length of end bearing of beams supported on masonry be less than 90 mm.

(3) The length of end bearing of floor, roof or ceiling joists supported on masonry shall be not less than 40 mm.

(1) Beams and columns supported on masonry walls shall be supported on pilasters where the thickness of the masonry wall or wythe is less than 190 mm.

(2) Not less than 190 mm depth of solid masonry or concrete shall be provided under the beam or column referred to in Sentence (1).

(3) Pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be bonded or tied to masonry walls.

(4) Concrete pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 50 mm by 300 mm.

(5) Unit masonry pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 100 mm by 290 mm.

(1) Masonry veneer of solid masonry units resting on a bearing support shall not project more than one-third of the thickness of the veneer.

(2) Where the masonry veneer described in Sentence (1) is rough stone masonry,

(a) the projection shall be measured as the average projection of the units, and

(b) the thickness of the veneer shall be measured as the average thickness of the veneer.

(1) Vertical joints in adjacent masonry courses shall be offset unless each wythe of masonry is reinforced with the equivalent of no fewer than two corrosion-resistant steel bars of 3.76 mm diam placed in the horizontal joints at vertical intervals not exceeding 460 mm.

(2) Where joints in the reinforcing referred to in Sentence (1) occur, the bars shall be lapped not less than 150 mm.

(1) Except as provided in Article 9.20.9.5 for masonry veneer, masonry walls that consist of two or more wythes shall have the wythes bonded or tied together with masonry bonding units as described in Article 9.20.9.3. or with metal ties as described in Articles 9.20.9.4.

(1) Where wythes are bonded together with masonry units, the bonding units shall comprise not less than 4 per cent of the wall surface area.

(2) Bonding units described in Sentence (1) shall be spaced not more than 600 mm vertically and horizontally in the case of brick masonry and 900 mm o.c. in the case of block or tile.

(3) Units described in Sentence (1) shall extend not less than 90 mm into adjacent wythes.

(1) Where two or more wythes are tied together with metal ties of the individual rod type, the ties shall conform to the requirements in Sentences (3) to (6).

(2) Other ties may be used where it can be shown that such ties provide walls that are at least as strong and as durable as those made with the individual rod type.

(3) Metal ties of the individual rod type shall,

(a) be corrosion-resistant,

(b) have a minimum cross-sectional area of not less than 17.8 mm², and

(c) have not less than a 50 mm portion bent at right angles at each end.

(4) Metal ties of the individual rod type shall,

(a) extend from within 25 mm of the outer face of the wall to within 25 mm of the inner face of the wall,

(b) be completely embedded in mortar except for the portion exposed in cavity walls, and

(c) be staggered from course to course.

(5) Where two or more wythes in walls other than cavity walls and masonry veneer/masonry back-up walls are tied together with metal ties of the individual rod type, the space between wythes shall be completely filled with mortar.

(6) Ties described in Sentence (5) shall be,

(a) located within 300 mm of openings and spaced not more than 900 mm apart around openings, and

(b) spaced not more than 900 mm apart horizontally and 460 mm apart vertically at other locations.

(7) Except as required in Sentences (8) and (9), where the inner and outer wythes of cavity walls are tied with individual wire ties, the ties shall be spaced not more than 900 mm apart horizontally and 400 mm apart vertically.

(8) Within 100 mm of the bottom of each floor or roof assembly where the cavity extends below the assemblies, the ties described in Sentence (7) shall be spaced not more than 600 mm apart horizontally.

(9) Within 300 mm of any openings, the ties described in Sentence (7) shall be spaced not more than 900 mm apart.

(1) Masonry veneer 70 mm or more in thickness and resting on a bearing support shall be tied to masonry back-up or to wood framing members with straps that are,

(a) corrosion-resistant,

(b) not less than 0.76 mm thick,

(c) not less than 22 mm wide,

(d) shaped to provide a key with the mortar, and

(e) spaced in accordance with Table 9.20.9.5.

Table 9.20.9.5. Veneer Tie Spacing

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.9.5.(1)**

(2) The straps described in Sentence (1) that are fastened to the wood framing members shall be,

(a) bent at a right angle within 6 mm from the fastener, and

(b) fastened with corrosion resistant 3.18 mm diam screws or spiral nails having a wood penetration of not less than 30 mm.

(3) Masonry veneer individually supported by masonry or wood frame back-up shall be secured to the back-up in conformance with Subsection 4.3.2.

(4) The straps described in Sentence (1) may be installed against one of the sheathings listed in Table 9.23.16.2.A. provided that,

(a) the tie is in contact with the exterior surface of the sheathing, and

(b) the sheathing beneath the tie is not compressed.

(1) Glass block shall have horizontal joint reinforcement of two corrosion-resistant bars of not less than 3.76 mm diam or expanded metal strips not less than 75 mm wide,

(a) spaced at vertical intervals of not more than 600 mm for units 190 mm or less in height, and

(b) installed in every horizontal joint for units higher than 190 mm.

(2) Reinforcement required in Sentence (1) shall be lapped not less than 150 mm.

(1) Masonry walls shall be laterally supported by floor or roof construction or by intersecting masonry walls or buttresses.

(2) The spacing of supports required in Sentence (1) shall be not more than,

(a) 20 times the wall thickness for all loadbearing walls and exterior non-loadbearing walls, and

(b) 36 times the wall thickness for interior non-loadbearing walls.

(3) In applying Sentence (2), the thickness of cavity walls shall be taken as the greater of,

(a) two-thirds of the sum of the thicknesses of the wythes, or

(b) the thickness of the thicker wythe.

(4) Floor and roof structural elements providing lateral support for walls as required in Sentence (1) shall be constructed to transfer lateral loads to walls or buttresses approximately at right angles to the laterally supported walls.

(1) Where required to receive lateral support, masonry walls shall be anchored to each floor or roof assembly at maximum intervals of 2 m, except that anchorage of floor joists not more than 1 m above grade may be omitted.

(2) Anchors required in Sentence (1) shall be corrosion-resistant and be not less than the equivalent of 40 mm by 4.76 mm thick steel straps.

(3) Anchors required in Sentence (1) shall be shaped to provide a mechanical key with the masonry and shall be securely fastened to the horizontal support to develop the full strength of the anchor.

(4) When joists are parallel to the wall, anchors required in Sentence (1) shall extend across no fewer than three joists.

(1) Where required to provide lateral support, intersecting walls shall be bonded or tied together.

(2) Where bonding is used to satisfy the requirements of Sentence (1), 50% of the adjacent masonry units in the intersecting wall, distributed uniformly over the height of the intersection, shall be embedded in the laterally supported wall.

(3) Where tying is used to satisfy the requirements of Sentence (1), the ties shall be,

(a) corrosion-resistant metal,

(b) equivalent to not less than 4.76 mm by 40 mm steel strapping,

(c) spaced not more than 800 mm o.c. vertically, and

(d) shaped at both ends to provide sufficient mechanical key to develop the strength of the ties.

(1) Wood frame walls shall be tied to intersecting masonry walls with not less than 4.76 mm diam corrosion-resistant steel rods spaced not more than 900 mm o.c. vertically.

(2) Ties required in Sentence (1) shall be anchored to the wood framing at one end and shaped to provide a mechanical key at the other end to develop the strength of the tie.

(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), roof systems of wood frame construction shall be tied to exterior masonry walls by not less than 12.7 mm diam anchor bolts,

(a) spaced not more than 2.4 m apart,

(b) embedded not less that 90 mm into the masonry, and

(c) fastened to a rafter plate of not less than 38 mm thick lumber.

(2) The roof system described in Sentence (1) is permitted to be anchored by nailing the wall furring strips to the side of the rafter plate.

(1) Cornices, sills or other trim of masonry material that project beyond the wall face shall have not less than 65% of their mass, but not less than 90 mm, within the wall or shall be adequately anchored to the wall with corrosion-resistant anchors.

(1) Where anchor bolts are to be placed in the top of a masonry pier, the pier shall conform to the requirements of Sentence 9.15.2.3.(4) and shall be capped with concrete or reinforced masonry not less than 200 mm thick.

(1) All corbelling shall consist of solid masonry units.

(2) The units referred to in Sentence (1) shall be corbelled so that the horizontal projection of any unit does not exceed 25 mm and the total projection does not exceed one-third of the total wall thickness.

(1) Cavity walls of greater thickness than the foundation wall on which they rest shall not be corbelled but may project 25 mm over the outer face of the foundation wall disregarding parging.

(2) Where the foundation wall referred to in Sentence (1) is unit masonry, it is permitted to be corbelled to meet flush with the inner face of a cavity wall provided,

(a) the projection of each course does not exceed half the height or one-third the width of the corbelled unit, and

(b) the total corbel does not exceed one-third of the foundation wall thickness.

(1) Masonry veneer resting on a bearing support shall not project more than 25 mm beyond the supporting base where the veneer is at least 90 mm thick, and 12 mm beyond the supporting base where the veneer is less than 90 mm thick.

(2) In the case of rough stone veneer, the projection, measured as the average projection of the stone units, shall not exceed one-third the bed width beyond the supporting base.

(1) Materials used for flashing shall conform to Table 9.20.13.1.

(2) Aluminum flashing in contact with masonry or concrete shall be effectively coated or separated from the masonry or concrete by an impervious membrane.

Table 9.20.13.1. Flashing Materials

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.13.1.(1)**

(1) Fastening devices for flashing shall be corrosion-resistant and, where metal flashing is used, shall be compatible with the flashing with respect to galvanic action.

(1) Flashing shall be installed in masonry and masonry veneer walls,

(a) beneath jointed masonry window sills,

(b) over the back and top of parapet walls,

(c) over the heads of glass block panels,

(d) beneath weep holes, and

(e) over the heads of window and door openings in exterior walls when the vertical distance between the top of a window or door frame and the bottom edge of the eave exceeds one-quarter of the horizontal eave overhang.

(2) Throughwall flashing shall be provided in a masonry veneer wall such that any moisture that accumulates in the air space will be directed to the exterior of the building.

(1) When installed beneath jointed masonry window sills and jointed masonry copings or over the heads of openings, flashing shall extend from the front edge of the masonry up behind the sill or lintel.

(2) A flashing may be omitted when the masonry at the sill of a wall opening or the top of a wall is protected by an impervious non-jointed masonry coping that conforms to Article 9.20.13.12.

(1) Flashing beneath weep holes in cavity walls and masonry veneer/masonry back-up walls shall,

(a) be bedded not less than 25 mm in the inside wythe,

(b) extend to not less than 5 mm beyond the outer face of the building element below the flashing, and

(c) be installed with a nominally horizontal slope toward the outside wythe.

(1) Flashing beneath weep holes in masonry veneer over masonry back-up walls shall conform to the flashing requirements for cavity walls and masonry veneer/masonry back-up walls in Article 9.20.13.5.

(2) Flashing beneath weep holes in masonry veneer over wood frame walls shall be installed so that it extends from a point not less than 5 mm beyond the outer face of the building element below the flashing to a point 150 mm up the wood frame wall.

(3) Where the frame wall is sheathed with a sheathing membrane, a non-wood-based rigid exterior insulating sheathing or a semi-rigid insulating sheathing with an integral sheathing membrane, the flashing shall be installed behind the sheathing membrane or insulating sheathing.

(4) Flashing described in Sentence (2) is permitted to conform to the requirements for concealed flashing in Table 9.20.13.1.

(1) Joints in flashing shall be made watertight.

(1) Weep holes spaced not more than 800 mm apart shall be provided at the bottom of,

(a) cavities in cavity walls, and

(b) cavities or air spaces in masonry veneer walls.

(2) The cavities or air spaces described in Sentence (1) shall include those above lintels over window and door openings required to be flashed in conformance with Article 9.20.13.3.

(3) The weep holes required in Sentence (1) shall be in a location such that any water that collects in the cavity or space will be directed to the exterior of the building.

(1) Except as provided in Sentence (3), where the interior finish of the exterior walls of a building is a type that may be damaged by moisture, exterior masonry walls, other than cavity walls or walls that are protected for their full height by a roof of a carport or porch, shall be,

(a) parged on the interior surface, and

(b) covered with No. 15 breather-type asphalt-saturated paper conforming to CAN/CGSB-51.32-M, "Sheathing, Membrane, Breather Type", and shall be lapped not less than 100 mm at the joints.

(2) In situations described in Sentence (1), flashing shall be provided where water will accumulate, to lead it to the exterior.

(3) Where the insulation effectively limits the passage of water vapour and is applied by a waterproof adhesive or by mortar directly to the masonry, the requirements for sheathing paper do not apply.

(1) Cavity walls shall be constructed so that mortar droppings are prevented from forming a bridge to allow the passage of rain water across the cavity.

(1) The junction of door and window frames with masonry shall be caulked in conformance with Subsection 9.27.4.

(1) Except for wall openings located less than 150 mm above ground level, where a concealed flashing is not installed beneath window and door sills, such sills shall be provided with an outward slope and a drip located not less than 25 mm from the wall surface.

(1) Mortar and masonry shall be maintained at a temperature not below 5°C during installation and for not less than 48 h after installation.

(2) No frozen material shall be used in the mortar mix.

(1) The top surface of uncompleted masonry exposed to the weather shall be completely covered with a waterproofing material when construction is not in progress.

(1) Where reinforcement is required in this Section, masonry walls shall be reinforced horizontally and vertically with steel having a total cross-sectional area of not less than 0.002 times the horizontal cross-sectional area of the wall, so that not less than one-third of the required steel area is installed either horizontally or vertically and the remainder in the other direction.

(1) Where reinforcement for masonry is required in this Section, it shall be installed in conformance with the requirements for reinforced masonry as contained in CSA A371, "Masonry Construction for Buildings".

(1) Carbon steel connectors required to be corrosion-resistant shall be galvanized to at least the minimum standards in Table 9.20.16.1.

Table 9.20.16.1. Minimum Requirements for Galvanizing

**Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.16.1.(1)**

(1) ASTM A123 / A123M does not apply to metal less than 3.18 mm thick. Galvanizing coatings may be interpolated for thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 0.76 mm.

(1) The thickness of concrete in flat insulating concrete form walls not in contact with the ground shall be,

(a) not less than 140 mm, and

(b) constant for the entire height of the wall.